Expanded Measures of Price and Quantity Structures Over Space and Time

该项目继续发展几乎涵盖世界所有国家的国民账户空时系统。我们的STSNA，宾夕法尼亚世界表（PWT））仍然远远不是一个完美的数据源，但它正在快速接近这一目标。社会科学引文索引中对PWT出版物的大量引用表明，PWT已经满足了社会科学实证研究者的大量需求。标准的国民账户体系（SNA）包含了宝贵的国家数量和价格时间序列，使国家内部的各种跨期比较成为可能。但是，除非在非常特殊的情况下，国民账户体系的条目不能有效地用于国家间的比较。国民账户体系中用于国家间数量比较-即空间间比较-的条目的不足之处，在看到以支出支出表示的数量在不同国家以不同货币单位表示时，立即就显而易见了。 空间比较的困难不仅仅是货币单位的差异。价格平价是STSNA的核心，需要使各国之间的支出可比较。即使是不含单位的描述性比率的比较，也可能取决于各国的相对价格比率。例如，从国民账户体系得出的一国投资与国内生产总值的比率不仅反映了相对数量，而且反映了其投资商品相对于所有其他商品价格的价格。即使在这方面，也需要没有参加国民账户体系的价格方面对投资/国内总产值这一真实的描述性比率进行比较，宾州世界表是国民账户体系条目与国际比较方案基准研究每五年在许多国家收集的价格的综合。 合并这些差异很大的数据集的一般方法已相当完善，但需要不断注意执行。从研究人员和政策制定者的角度来看，不断的更新和修订是例行的，但必不可少的。对令人感兴趣的新变量进行估计是至关重要的，改善该表数据的可访问性也很重要。过去国家科学基金会的支持使PWT的范围从1980年的Mark 1版本（119个国家，10个变量，1950年和1960-77年）扩展到最近的Mark 5.6版本（152个国家，29个变量，1950-92年）。这种范围的扩大可能占PWT的广泛使用，但主要的重点已经放在提高质量的estimation.Dissemination的宾夕法尼亚大学世界表和1970年，1975年，1980年，1985年和1990年的基准研究的全部输出是在国家的艺术通过宾夕法尼亚大学的网站。该表还可从其他一些网站摘录，其中一个网站提供了重要的图形支持。现在，还可以获得900多个国家以下单位（州、省等）的数量和价格估计。在1990年，大约有30个主要国家。

This project continues the development of a Space-Time System of National Accounts (STSNA) covering virtually all of the countries of the world. Our STSNA, The Penn World Table (PWT) ) is still far from a perfected data source but it is fast approaching that end. The very large number of citations to PWT publications in the Social Science Citation Index makes clear that already PWT is satisfying a substantial need in the community of social science empirical researchers.The standard System of National Accounts (SNA) contains invaluable country time series of quantities and prices that make possible a variety of intertemporal comparisons within countries. However except in very special cases, the SNA entries cannot effectively be used in making comparisons across countries. The inadequacy of SNA entries for quantity comparisons between countries -- that is interspatial comparisons - is apparent immediately when it is seen that quantities, represented by expenditure outlays, are expressed in different currency units in different countries. The interspatial comparison difficulty is not simply a matter of differences in currency units. Price parities, at the heart of an STSNA, are needed to make the expenditures commensurable across countries. Even comparisons of descriptive ratios that are units-free are likely to depend on relative price ratios in the countries. For example, a country's Investment to GDP ratio derived from the SNA will reflect not only relative quantities but also the price of its investment goods relative to the prices of all other goods. Even here, price parties -- absent from the SNA -- are needed to make comparisons of the real descriptive ratio, Investment /GDP.The Penn World Table is an integration of the entries of the SNA and the prices that have been collected in many countries every five years in the benchmark studies of the International Comparison Programme. The general methodology for combining these quite different data sets is reasonably well-established, but the implementation requires constant attention. From the standpoint of the researchers and policymakers who draw on the Penn World Table, the constant updating and revising is routine but essential. The development of estimates of interesting new variables is critical, and improving the accessibility of the Table's data is important. Past National Science Foundation support made possible the expansion of the scope of the PWT from the 1980 Mark 1 version of PWT (119 countries, 10 variables, and the years 1950 and 1960-77) to the most recent Mark 5.6 version (152 countries, 29 variables and years 1950-92). This expansion of scope probably accounts for the widespread use of PWT, but primary emphasis has been put on improving the quality of the estimates.Dissemination of the Penn World Table and the full output of the 197O, 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990 benchmark studies is at the state of the art through the Penn web site. The Table can also be extracted from a number of other web sites, one of which provides significant graphical support. Now quantity and price estimates are also available for over 900 sub-national units (states, provinces, etc.) for about 30 major countries in 1990.