Migration Under Crisis and Recovery: Social Safety Nets in Two Indonesian Regions

印度尼西亚和其他发展中国家的快速经济发展吸引了许多农村居民迁移到城市，那里的工业和服务业工作更多，报酬更高。然而，面对迅速的经济衰退，这些移民中的许多人被迫返回他们所在的村庄和家庭。学术界对这些回返移民以及他们与家人和社区互动的方式给予的关注相对较少。该研究项目的中心目标是研究1990年代末印度尼西亚经济崩溃期间，移民模式的变化对家庭结构以及家庭和社区两级“安全网”的影响。通过在西爪哇和南苏拉威西的村庄进行比较案例研究，将使用深入的定性实地调查和定量调查方法，调查哪些家庭成员或多或少得到了危机驱动的流动及其相关家庭结构变化的有效支持。这项研究的目的是澄清因农村回返移徙增加而改变的家庭构成如何影响低收入家庭中的特定个人群体，包括男子、妇女、儿童和老年人的农村安全网的负担和利益。这项研究将有助于了解移徙的动态以及家庭和社区两级安全网在经济危机期间的作用，例如最近印度尼西亚遭受的这场危机。该项目将提供关于不同形式安全网的深入经验信息，并将审查家庭内的性别和年龄等级。该项目的理论贡献将侧重于概念化家庭结构、年龄和性别等级以及村级危机生存战略之间的相互作用，重点是家庭之间和家庭内部的劳动力和资源分配。通过两个村庄的比较，该项目还将调查地点在塑造这些互动中的作用。实际上，该项目的目的是不仅有助于了解家庭在危机期间的应对战略，而且有助于了解哪些生存机制最有利于复苏以及对谁最有利。

Rapid economic development in Indonesia and other developing nations has enticed many rural residents to migrate to cities, where industrial and service-sector jobs have been more numerous and remunerative. In the face of rapid economic downturns, however, many of these migrants are forced to return to the villages and households from which they came. Relatively little scholarly attention has been given to these return migrants and to the ways that they interact with their families and communities. The central goal of this research project is to examine the effects of changing migration patterns on household structures and both household-level and community-level "safety nets" during Indonesia's economic collapse in the late 1990s. Through a comparative case study in villages in western Java and southern Sulawesi, in-depth qualitative fieldwork and quantitative survey methods will be used to investigate which household members are more or less effectively supported by crisis-driven mobility and the associated changes in household composition. The research will aim to clarify how changing household composition as a result of increased rural-return migration is influencing the burdens and benefits of rural safety nets for particular groups of individuals in low-income households, including men, women, children, and the elderly. This research will contribute to understanding the dynamics of migration as well as the roles of both household- and community-level safety nets during economic crises like the one recently afflicting Indonesia. The project will provide in-depth empirical information regarding different forms of safety nets, and it will examine gender and age hierarchies within households. The theoretical contributions of the project will focus on conceptualizing the interplay among household structures, age and sex hierarchies, and village-scale crisis survival strategies, with an emphasis on labor and resource allocation between and within households. Through the two-village comparison, the project will also investigate the role of place in shaping these interactions. In practical terms, the project aims to contribute to understanding not only the coping strategies of households during the crisis, but also which survival mechanisms are most successful for recovery and for whom.