Referential Hierarchies in Morphosyntax: description, typology, diachrony - "The Movima inverse from a typological perspective"

本IP旨在深入分析Movima在类型学上明显独特的等级排列系统，并将其置于跨语言的视角中。莫伊玛语是玻利维亚低地的一个孤立的语言，大约有250人能说流利的语言，这个数字正在迅速减少。大多数演讲者都超过60岁，而且他们都是双语的（电影/西班牙语）；除了一个遥远社区的十几个孩子之外，孩子们不再把Movima作为第一语言来学习。在Movima及物从句中，成分顺序是由名义指称物在涉及人、动物和话题性的指称层次结构中所占的位置决定的。名义成分（NPs）的语义角色是通过谓词上的直接或反向形态学来分配的。及物子句的一个参数与不及物子句的单个参数具有相同的形式性质，而另一个参数具有不同的性质。由于反向标记逆转了参数的语义角色分配，Movima系统可以被描述为反向映射（参见Zúñiga 2006）。引人注目的是，与迄今为止描述的其他重新映射模式不同，在Movima中，具有不及物子句的单一参数的模式的参数指向引用层次结构中较低的参与者。此外，这一论点具有特殊的句法地位，这主要反映在相对化上。因此，级别较高的参与者是施者，级别较低的参与者是受者的直接分句具有否定性，而显示相反情况的反分句具有宾格性。由于直接子句在语用上可以显示为无标记，所以Movima显示了相对罕见的否定句法模式。

This IP aims at an in-depth analysis of the typologically apparently unique hierarchical alignment system of Movima, placing it in a cross-linguistic perspective. Movima is a linguistic isolate of lowland Bolivia with still approximately 250 fluent speakers, the number being rapidly decreasing. Most speakers are over 60 years old, and they are all bilingual (Movima/Spanish); apart from about a dozen of children in one distant community, children do not anymore learn Movima as their first language. In Movima transitive clauses, constituent order is determined by the place the nominal referents occupy on a referential hierarchy that involves person, animacy, and topicality. The semantic roles of the nominal constituents (NPs) are assigned through direct or inverse morphology on the predicate. One of the arguments of a transitive clause has the same formal properties as the single argument of an intransitive clause, the other one has different properties. Since inverse-marking reverses the semantic-role assignment of the arguments, the Movima system can be described as remapping inverse (cf. Zúñiga 2006).Strikingly, and unlike other remapping patterns that have been described so far, in Movima, the argument that patterns with the single argument of an intransitive clause refers to the participant lower in the referential hierarchy. Furthermore, this argument has a privileged syntactic status, as is reflected most of all in relativization. As a consequence, direct clauses, in which the higher-ranking participant is the agent and the lower-ranking participant the patient, pattern ergatively, and inverse clauses, which display the reversed situation, pattern accusatively. Since direct clauses can be shown to be pragmatically unmarked, Movima displays the relatively rare pattern of ergative syntax.