Dissertation Research: Phylogenetic Examination of Novel Wing Morphology and Function in Mechanical Sound Producing Piprids (Aves: Pipridae)

普鲁姆和波斯特威克是分布在中南美洲的一科约40种鸟类。雄性假人像色彩鲜艳，为雌性动物进行精心设计的求爱表演。马纳金行为的一个不同寻常的方面是，雄鸟倾向于在它们的展示中使用翅膀的声音。相对于叫声，这种“机械声音”在鸟类中是很少见的。然而，在人体模型中，物种之间的假设关系(系统发育)，以及关于机械声音本身的细节(它们在展示期间何时产生，以及与翅膀的哪一部分等)。表明翅膀的声音在家族中进化了好几次。事实上，至少有三个血统，马纳西尼，伊利库里尼和皮普林伊，独立进化出在求爱表演中发出不同的机械翅膀声音的能力。研究生金伯利·博斯特威克在导师理查德·普鲁姆博士的指导下，正在研究这种机械声音产生的形态和行为特征，以及在Pipridae鸟类中的进化。具体地说，该项目将考虑：(1)翅膀的形态(骨骼、肌肉和羽毛的形式)相对于非机械发声鸟类是如何进化的，以及它在三种机械发声谱系之间是否存在差异，(2)修改后的形态如何在活着的鸟类中发挥作用来产生翅膀的声音，以及(3)在三种不同的谱系中，机械声音的形态、功能和声学是如何随着时间的推移而演变的。经典的解剖学描述将与野外录像和现代比较系统发育方法相结合，以阐明这些问题。由于翅膀的声音被用在求偶展示中，其中雄性相互竞争与雌性交配，由此产生的性格进化(行为、形态和功能)很可能是对雌性选择雄性展示的反应。因此，这项研究解决了性别选择如何通过雌性选择导致假人的形态多样性。

0073289Prum and Bostwick The Neotropical manakins are a family of ca. 40 species of birds located inCentral and South America. Male manakins are strikingly colored, and perform elaborate courtship displays for females. One unusual aspect of manakin behavior is the propensity of males to use wing sounds in their displays. Relative to vocal sounds, these "mechanical sounds" are rare among birds. However, in manakins the hypothesized relationships between the species (the phylogeny), together with details about the mechanical sounds themselves (when they are produced during displays, and with which part of the wing, etc.) indicate wing sounds have evolved multiple times within the family. In fact, at least three lineages, Manacini, Ilicurini, and Piprini, independently evolved the ability to produce distinct mechanical wing sounds in courtship displays. Graduate student Kimberly Bostwick, with direction from adviser Dr. Richard Prum, is studying morphological and behavioral features of this mechanical sound production and its evolution in Pipridae birds. Specifically, the project will consider: (1) how the morphology of the wing (the form of the bones, muscles, and feathers) has evolved relative to non-mechanical sound producing birds, and whether it varies between the three mechanical sound-producing lineages, (2) how, behaviorally and physically, the modified morphology is functioning in living birds to produce the wing sounds, and (3) how the morphology, functioning of the wing, and acoustics of the mechanical sounds have evolved through time within the three different lineages. Classical anatomical description will be combined with field video-recording and modern comparative phylogenetic methods to shed light on these questions. Given that the wing sounds are used in courtship displays in which males compete with one another to mate with females, the resultant character evolution (behavioral, morphological, and functional) is likely to be in response to the selection of male displays by females. Thus, the research addresses how sexual selection viafemale choice has led to morphological diversity in the manakins.