Doctoral Dissertation Research: From Traveling to Cruising: British Ocean Liner Architecture and Technologies, 1870-1935

19世纪末的英国跨大西洋远洋邮轮运送了一些资产阶级旅行者，以及许多推动美国第二次工业革命的移民；到了20世纪20年代，远洋邮轮几乎完全迎合了不断扩大的英美中产阶级的需求，他们是消费驱动型经济的先锋。在整个19世纪末和20世纪，远洋客轮也是一个重要的例子，在那里，建筑、复杂的技术和现代的、高效的工作组织协调着它的居民的体验。这使它成为观察技术和建筑变化的理想场所，因为乘客、船员和船舶设计师将船只从运输工具转变为消费场所。本论文研究项目的研究人员首先假设，船舶的物理环境--它的建筑和技术--以及它所调解的社会和工作关系是一种相互塑造的关系，本论文研究项目的研究人员将研究空间和技术在不同类别的乘客和船员之间不断变化的使用和分布。对技术和建筑的关注可以将对工作关系的研究与对消费者行为的研究结合起来，建立在历史学家的工作基础上，历史学家在研究从工业化向消费驱动的经济转型时，将这两个领域分开。为了便于分析远洋客轮的建筑和技术，研究人员将创建旗舰远洋客轮的历史类型学，绘制不断变化的分布、物理特征和船舶居民的空间体验。研究人员将把船员和乘客之间的活动和互动的信息收集到一个记录数据库中，通过船的大小和舱室、乘客的“等级”、船员的部门和级别以及所有居民的性别和年龄等类别来跟踪发展情况。该数据库将利用乘客和机组人员对旅行和工作的书面描述、发布的描述以及公司在广告和旅游指南中规定的活动。在可能的情况下，将使用与船舶设计和运营有关的文件来分析公司经理为协调和利用乘客和船员在经济实力、期望和空间利用-劳动力和乘客市场-方面的发展而进行的建筑和技术尝试。研究人员试图阐明从工业化向消费和服务驱动型经济转型过程中建筑、技术和经验之间的联系。

British transatlantic ocean liners of the late 19th century transported some bourgeois travelers, and many of the emigrants who fueled America's second industrial revolution; by the 1920s ocean liners catered almost exclusively to an expanding British and American middle class, the vanguard of consumer-driven economies. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, the ocean liner also remained an important example of sites in which architecture, sophisticated technologies, and modern, "efficient" work organizations mediated the experience of its inhabitants. This makes it an ideal site to view technological and architectural changes as passengers, crew, and ship designers transformed the vessel from a vehicle of transportation to a site of consumption. Beginning with the assumption that a mutually shaping relationship characterized the vessel's physical environment-its architecture and technologies-and the social and work relations it mediated, the researcher of this dissertation research project will examine the changing use and distribution of space and technologies among various categories of passengers and crew. A focus on technology and architecture can integrate a study of work relations with one of consumer behavior, building on the work of historians who separate these realms of inquiry in their examination of the transition from industrializing to consumer-driven economies. To facilitate an analysis of ocean liner architecture and technology, the researcher will create an historical typology of flagship ocean liners, charting the changing distribution, physical character, and experience of space among vessel inhabitants. The researcher will amass information about activities and interactions among crew and passengers into a database of records, tracking developments through such categories as ship size and compartment, "class" among passengers, department and rank among crew, and gender and age among all inhabitants. The database will draw on passengers' and crew members' written accounts of travel and work, published descriptions, and the activities companies prescribed in advertising and travel guides. Where possible, papers relating to ship design and operation will be used to analyze company managers' architectural and technological attempts to reconcile and harness developments among passengers and crew members in economic power, expectations, and use of space-the market of labor and passengers. The investigator seeks to illuminate connections among architecture, technologies, and experience in the transition from industrializing to consumer- and service-driven economies.