Quantitative Genetics of Social Behavior

题目：社会行为的定量遗传学。Kukuk社会行为存在于所有类型的生物中，是生态优势物种的特征。 对社会进化如何发生的研究集中在选择上。迄今为止，理论和实践工作的重点是群体生活和社会合作如何影响生存和繁殖。 这项工作开始于二十世纪六十年代，并继续今天。 进化硬币的另一面，对社会合作背后的遗传机制的研究，一直被忽视。 即使在社会Hyattera有关于themost基本问题的信息很少。 目前还不清楚一个物种中个体之间的社会行为差异在多大程度上是基于他们的基因构成的差异。在雌性都有潜在繁殖能力的物种中，我们不知道在任何给定的社会行为背后，个体之间是否有足够的遗传差异来表明这种行为有进化的潜力。 由于知识的缺乏，我们不可能预测社会行为的进化轨迹，也不可能研究一系列社会相关特征的遗传是如何相互关联的。 这种片面的社会进化论是基于方法论的限制。 合适的社会物种既没有大量的繁殖输出，也没有使用定量遗传研究的强大方法所需的实验室饲养的便利，定量遗传研究是解决这些问题的最佳方法。 这种限制正在改变。 由于新的，但经过充分测试的方法，获得信息丰富的遗传指纹的个人，基于多个高度可变的标记基因，如微卫星，结合概念和统计学的进步，现在有可能应用的方法，数量遗传学的社会行为在现场设置的第一次。定量遗传学家（艾伦摩尔）和蜜蜂口腔生态学家（彭妮Kukuk）之间的合作将应用新的方法在一个基于现场的定量遗传研究的社会行为的一组生活在一个蜜蜂物种Lasioglossum（Chilopentus）hemichalceum。 这种所有群体成员都能繁殖的群落物种，是进行这种研究的理想物种。 在该物种中，个体在社会行为上彼此不同，微卫星标记可用于产生个体的精确遗传指纹。 基于微卫星的遗传指纹和易于观察的社会行为中个体之间的相似性信息将用于确定一系列行为特征的遗传组成部分，这些行为特征已知对生存和繁殖有重要影响。 这项研究将开创社会行为的定量遗传学研究，并开创在自然环境中使用定量遗传学方法研究行为特征的先河。

Title: Quantitative Genetics of Social BehaviorPI: Penelope F. Kukuk Social behavior is found in all types of organisms and is a characteristicof ecologically dominant species. The study of how social evolution cameabout has concentrated on selection. To date, theoretical andempirical work has focused on how group life and social cooperation influencesurvival and reproduction. This work began in the nineteen sixties andcontinues today. The other side of the evolutionary coin, the study of thegenetic mechanisms underlying social cooperation, has been neglected. Evenin the social Hymenoptera there is very little information concerning themost basic issues. It is not known to what extent differences in socialbehaviors among individuals in a species are based on differences in theirgenetic makeup. In species where females all have the potential to becompetent reproductives, we do not know if there are enough geneticdifferences between individuals underlying any given social behavior tosuggest that the behavior has the potential to evolve. Due to this lack ofknowledge it is not possible to predict the evolutionary trajectory ofsocial behaviors or to examine how inheritance of a suite of sociallyrelevant traits may be correlated. This one-sided approach to socialevolution is based on methodological constraints. Appropriate socialspecies have neither the large reproductive output nor the ease inlaboratory rearing needed to use the powerful methodology of quantitativegenetic research, a methodology that can best address these questions. Thislimitation is changing. Due to new but well tested methods for obtaininginformation rich genetic fingerprints for individuals, based on multiplehighly variable marker genes such as microsatellites, in combination withconceptual and statistical advances it is now possible to apply the methodsof quantitative genetics to social behavior in a field setting for the firsttime. A collaboration between a quantitative geneticist (Allen Moore) and abehavioral ecologist (Penny Kukuk) will apply new methodologies in a fieldbased quantitative genetic study of social behaviors for a group livinghalictine bee species Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) hemichalceum. Thiscommunal species, in which all group members reproduce, is an ideal speciesfor such a study. In this species, individuals differ from one another insocial behaviors and microsatellite markers are available to produce precisegenetic fingerprints for individuals. Information on similaritiesbetween individuals in their microsatellite based genetic fingerprintsand easily observed social behaviors will be used to determine components ofinheritance for a suite of behavioral characteristics that are known to haveimportant effects on survival and reproduction. The research will pioneerthe quantitative genetic study of social behavior and pioneer the use ofquantitative genetic methodology for behavioral traits in a natural setting.