Reading and Speaking Words in Two Languages: A Psycholinguistic Approach to Bilingualism

当一种语言的单词可用，并且有可能竞争选择时，双语者如何阅读和说另一种语言的单词？最近的心理语言学研究表明，双语者的两种语言的信息在语言理解和产生过程中都是活跃的。因此，双语是一种考察引起竞争的条件和解决竞争的方式的模式系统。这个问题将在一系列实验中进行调查，在这些实验中，双语者用一种或两种语言阅读和说单词。研究包括两个方面：语言的理解和语言的产生。在每个实验中，实验将检验替代候选词汇的激活以及调节由此产生的跨语言竞争的因素。在理解实验中，将对第一语言和第二语言中的单词命名进行比较。通过操纵要命名的单词的属性和它们出现的上下文，应该可以确定诱导和控制语言选择的因素。在关于产出的实验中，将比较图片命名和翻译任务的表现，以考察两种语言的口语产出。使用提示性命名和任务转换范式，应该可以检验在说话之前要求两种语言都活跃的效果。这种方法的目的是提供补充方法，当双语者需要说一种语言的单词时，检查每种语言中的单词的激活情况，并抑制或忽略另一种语言的信息。这项研究的目标是开发融合的方法来研究双语者的语言理解和产出。再加上已有的关于单语语言表现的研究，这些研究产生的数据应该为更完整的双语词汇模型提供基础。作为双语研究的焦点，语言选择的机制具有更广泛的潜力来解释当前关于理解和产生过程中可用信息的类型和时间的争论。从这个意义上说，双语为研究普遍的认知限制提供了一个有用的工具。这项工作的结果对学习和使用两种语言这一更普遍的问题也有重要的影响。

How does a bilingual read and speak words in one language when words in the other language are available and potentially compete for selection? Recent psycholinguistic research suggests that information in both of a bilingual's two languages is active during language comprehension and production. The bilingual is thus a model system to examine the conditions that give rise to competition and the manner in which that competition is resolved. This problem will be investigated in a series of experiments in which bilinguals read and speak words in one or both of their languages. The research has two aspects, comprehension and production of language. In each, experiments will examine the activation of alternative lexical candidates and the factors that modulate the resulting cross-language competition. In experiments on comprehension, word naming will be compared in the first and second languages. By manipulating the properties of the words to be named and the contexts in which they occur, it should be possible to identify the factors that induce and control language selection. In experiments on production, performance on picture naming and translation tasks will be compared to examine spoken word production in two languages. Using cued naming and task-switching paradigms, it should prove possible to examine the effects of requiring both languages to be active prior to speaking. The approach is intended to provide complementary methods for examining the activation of words in each language when a bilingual is required to speak a word in one language and to suppress or ignore information in the other language. The goal of this research is to develop converging approaches to study language comprehension and production in bilinguals. Together with existing research on monolingual language performance, the data generated by these studies should provide the basis for a more complete model of the bilingual lexicon. The mechanism of language selection that is the focus of the bilingual research has the more general potential to illuminate current debates about the type and timing of information available during comprehension and production. In this sense, bilingualism provides a useful tool for investigating universal cognitive constraints. The outcomes of this work also hold important implications for the more general problem of learning and using two languages.