Doctoral Dissertation Research: The Banner vs. the Baton: Explaining Protest Policing in the U.S., 1960-1980

本项目采用“三项研究”设计，考察1960年至1980年期间美国警察对抗议活动的反应，特别是纽约州警察对抗议活动的反应。第一项研究使用现有的抗议数据集和统计方法来评估对警察在抗议行动中出现、警察使用武力、逮捕人数和死亡人数的解释。这些解释侧重于抗议者的威胁和力量，但也考虑到抗议和警察行动发生的社会法律环境。第二项研究使用相同的数据，但不同的统计方法，来检验抗议时间对警察反应的几个组成部分的影响。第三项研究收集了有关抗议警务政策、法律决策和警察培训实践的原始数据，以了解警察决策的背景。通过将前两项研究的定量结果与最后一项研究的定性结果相结合，该项目提供了有关抗议活动的特点和组织环境如何影响警察镇压社会运动的信息。

This project uses a "three study" design to examine the response of police to protests in the United States more generally and New York State more specifically during the years from 1960-1980. The first study uses an existing protest data set and statistical methods to evaluate explanations of the presence of police at protest actions, their use of force, the number of arrests, and the number of deaths. The explanations focus on the threat and power of the protesters, but also consider the socio-legal environment in which the protests and police action take place. The second study uses the same data, but different statistical methods, to examine the effects of protest timing on the several components of police response. The third study collects original data on protest policing policies, legal decisions, and police training practices to understand the context of police decisions. By combining the quantitative results from the first two studies with the qualitative results from the last study, the project provides information on how both characteristics of the protests and the organizational environment shape efforts by police to repress social movements.