Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Political Power Of Galindo Elites

在Garth Bawden博士的指导下，Gregory Lockard先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。通过对位于秘鲁北部沿海莫切山谷的加林多遗址的考古发掘，他将研究奇穆帝国兴起的过程。这是南美洲史前最大的沿海政体，其鼎盛时期占据了太平洋沙漠沿岸三分之二的灌溉土地。这个帝国由一小群强大的精英统治，他们居住在同样位于莫切山谷的首都昌昌。Chan Chan成立于公元1000年左右，在接下来的四个半世纪里，Chan Chan的精英们征服了1000多公里的太平洋海岸线。在与印卡人进行了一场漫长而痛苦的战争之后，他们的权力和领土野心才结束。印卡人最终在公元1470年战胜并征服了奇穆帝国。考古证据和民族历史文献揭示了许多关于奇木精英的政治权力。然而，这种力量的起源必须更早地寻找，因为奇木精英出现在莫切山谷的昌昌，这个地区是理解这种发展的关键。通过对加林多的挖掘，洛卡德先生希望深入了解这一过程。加林多在奇穆之前就被占领了，是奇穆的直接前身。遗址本身占地面积约4平方公里，物理和文化特征（墙壁和沟渠）将遗址划分为至少六个不同的区域。洛克德先生对场地的调查表明，这些区域内的建筑遗迹相对来说是同质的，在功能上与场地的其他区域有所区别。根据建造的方法和质量、面积和人工制品的含量，它们可以分为低、中、高地位的住宅，从而表明了当时存在的等级社会结构。通过绘制地图和仔细挖掘收集动物和植物遗骸的项目，洛卡德计划重建加林多的社会组织。精英们很可能，至少在一定程度上，通过控制稀缺商品来行使权力，分析食物和其他有价值的材料是如何分配的，应该能让我们深入了解这个系统。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。复杂社会在世界上许多地方独立出现，通过多例比较，可以确定这种发展背后的控制因素。史前秘鲁就是一个例子，洛卡德的工作将有助于填补这一重大空白。他收集的数据将引起许多考古学家的兴趣，而且这个项目将有助于培养一位有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. Garth Bawden, Mr. Gregory Lockard will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. Through archaeological excavation at the site of Galindo, located in the Moche Valley of northern coastal Peru, he will examine the processes which gave rise to the Chimu Empire. This, the largest coastal polity in South American prehistory encompassed, at its height two-thirds of all irrigated land along the Pacific desert coast. The empire was ruled by a small group of powerful elites who resided in the capital city of Chan Chan, also located in the Moche Valley. Chan Chan was founded ca. AD 1000 and over the next four and a half centuries Chan Chan elites directed the conquest of over 1000 km of Pacific coastline. Their power and territorial ambitions came to an end only after a long and bitter war with the Inka, who finally prevailed and conquered the Chimu Empire ca AD 1470. Archaeological evidence and ethnohistoric documents have revealed much concerning the political power of Chimu elites. The origins of this power however must be sought earlier and because Chimu elites emerged at Chan Chan in the Moche Valley, this area holds the key to understanding this development. Through excavation at Galindo, which was occupied immediately before and was a direct precursor to the Chimu, Mr. Lockard hopes to gain insight into this process. The site itself covers an area of approximately four square kilometers and a combination of physical and cultural features (walls and ditches) divide the site into at least six distinct zones. Survey of the site by Mr. Lockard has shown that architectural remains within each of these zones are relatively homogeneous and functionally differentiated from those of other areas of the site. Based on the method and quality of construction, surface area and artifactual content, they can be divided into low, moderate and high status residences and thus demonstrate that a hierarchical social structure existed at this time. Through a program of mapping and careful excavation to collect faunal and botanical remains, Mr. Lockard plans to reconstruct the Galindo social organization. It is quite likely that elites, at least in part, exercised power through the control of scarce goods and analysis of how food remains as well as other valuable materials are distributed should provide insight into this system. This research is important for several reasons. Complex societies arose independently in many parts of the world and through multiple case comparison it is possible to determine the controlling factors which underlie this development. Prehistoric Peru provides one example and Mr. Lockard's work will help to fill a major gap. The data he collects will be of interest to many archaeologists and the project will help to train a promising young scientist.