The Influence of lst-and 2nd-Hand Investigations on Learning Opportunities and Outcomes in Inquiry-Based Science in the Elementary School

这个为期三年的项目探讨了两种调查模式，第一手和第二手，对学生的科学知识和推理的发展的影响。 在第一手调查中，学生对现象有直接的经验。 在第二手调查学生与非正式的文本，无论是在传统的格式或创新的格式模仿科学家的笔记本电脑进行互动。 该项目建议在不同人口的学校进行一系列的三项研究：农村、城市穷人和城市双语学校。 在研究1和2中，该单元的教学将由研究者完成，并将在上学期间与12名学生组成的小组进行。 在研究三中，教学将由教师完成，它将涉及四个整班。 研究1为混合实验设计，共有48名学生参与。 学生，匹配的一般成就，将被随机分配到四个序列。 顺序不同的教学模式（第一手和第二手调查）和主题（力和质量运动）。 教学将被录像，并将进行采访，以随机选择的样本，每组4名学生。 研究2包括第三个变量：第二手调查模式，传统或笔记本。 这是一项涉及不同序列的五种条件研究。 在本研究中，将开发一个课堂观察仪器。 研究3将涉及研究2中证明具有最佳结果的条件的实施。 这项研究将试图确定可能与条件类型相互作用的个体差异。 在每种调查模式的过程中，将记录（录音）两次说明。 在每次调查期间，将使用课堂观察工具。 在每个教学阶段，每班随机抽取8名学生进行两次访谈。 这项研究将促进理解如何教学可以最大限度地提高学生的学习在不同的探究环境。 将开发新的课堂观察工具

This three-year project explores the influence of two modes of investigation, 1st- and 2nd-hand, on student development of scientific knowledge and reasoning. In 1st-hand investigations students have direct experience with phenomena. In the 2nd-hand investigations students interact with informal text, either in a traditional format or an innovative format modeled after the notebook of a scientist. The project proposes to conduct a series of three studies in schools with diverse populations: rural, urban-poor, and urban bilingual. In Study 1 and 2, the instruction of the unit will be done by the investigators and will be conducted with groups of 12 students during the school day. In Study 3 the instruction will be done by the teachers and it will involve four whole classes. Study 1 is a mixed experimental design in which 48 students will participate. Students, matched for general achievement, will be randomly assigned to four sequences. Sequence varies mode of instruction (1st- and 2nd-hand investigations) and topic (force- and mass-motion). Instruction will be videotaped, and interviews will be conducted to a randomly selected sample of 4 students on each group. Study 2 includes a third variable: mode of 2nd-hand investigations, traditional or notebook. It is a five-condition study involving different sequences. During this study, a classroom observation instrument will be developed. Study 3 will involve the implementation of the conditions that proved to have the best outcomes in Study 2. The study will try to identify individual differences that may interact with the type of condition. Instruction will be documented (taped) twice during the course of each mode of investigation. The classroom observation instrument will be administered during each investigation. A random sample of 8 students within each class will be interviewed twice in each instructional phase. The study will advance understanding of how instruction can maximize student learning in different inquiry contexts. A new classroom observation tool will be developed