Collaborative Research: Global Ocean Repeat Hydrography, Carbon, and Tracer Measurements

将在全球有系统地重新占用选定的水文区段，目的是量化热量、淡水、二氧化碳(二氧化碳)及相关参数储存和运输方面的变化。该计划支持气候可变性和可预测性(CLIVAR)和碳科学计划，是物理气候和碳系统全球观测系统的组成部分。通过将碳和水文/示踪剂社区的科学需求结合起来，将实现重大的协同增效和节省成本。除了效率之外，协调一致的方法还将产生超过单独计划的科学进步。这些进展将有助于实现下列重叠的科学目标：模型校准、验证和基于模型的综合的数据；碳系统研究；热和淡水储存和通量研究；深水和浅水质量和通风研究；以及自主传感器的校准。对海洋碳循环和环流的联合研究将有助于确定海洋环流的潜在变化可能对未来的人为吸收产生严重后果的关键领域。全球变暖导致的海洋热量和淡水运输的变化，可能会影响循环，可以通过长期测量来跟踪。拟议的区段由每个大洋的大约两条经线和两条纬向线组成，在6个野外年总共有10个区段。核心测量包括水文(CTD、盐度、氧气、营养盐、L/ADCP、在航T、S、PCO2、水深测量、航海)、碳系(DIC、PCO2)。TALK、pH、DOC、DON)和瞬变示踪剂(CFCs、氚/3He)。除了收集数据外，质量控制措施将由参考质量数据的提供者例行执行。巡航后的数据更新、分发和存档将由拥有单独资金的团体管理。实地工作将与监测海洋对气候变化的反应的更大国际努力相结合。广泛影响：结果将广泛传播，以增进对科学和技术的了解。该计划基于这样一个基本概念，即收集的数据属于社区，并可供整个社区使用，而不是参与项目的调查人员的专有。拟议的数据政策将是严格的，面向快速和公开的传播，并有一个明确的结构，使所有数据都要经过彻底的质量控制。如此雄心勃勃的目标需要如此程度的开放，以前从未大规模尝试过。该项目对社会的好处包括收集高质量的数据集，并使用这些数据来评估气候变化。全球计划将提供具有重要气候意义的参数的完整水柱数据和十年覆盖范围。这些数据将通过量化海洋对人为二氧化碳的吸收和储存来评估气候变化，并有助于理解和建立控制二氧化碳吸收和向海洋内部运输的过程的模型。由于这些可能是2000米以下的唯一系统观测，它们将被用来记录海洋变暖以及热量和淡水通量的长期趋势。这些数据将成为气候系统模型校准的资源。拟议的计划将促进培训和学习。它将作为培训和吸引研究生、博士后科学家和新科学家的社区资源。每艘邮轮的经费都被编入了主要提案中，供研究生、博士后和年轻的非航海科学家参加。

A systematic and global re-occupation of select hydrographic sections will be conducted with the objective of quantifying changes in storage and transport of heat, fresh water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and related parameters. The program is in support of the CLImate VARiability and predictability (CLIVAR) and Carbon Science Programs, and is a component of a global observing system for the physical climate and carbon system. By integrating the scientific needs of the carbon and hydrography/tracer communities, major synergies and cost savings will be achieved. In addition to efficiency, a coordinated approach will produce scientific advances that exceed those of having individual programs. These advances will contribute to the following overlapping scientific objectives: Data for Model Calibration, Validation and Model Based Synthesis; Carbon System Studies; Heat and Freshwater Storage and Flux Studies; Deep and Shallow Water Mass and Ventilation Studies; and Calibration of Autonomous Sensors. A joint study of the ocean carbon cycle and circulation will help identify critical areas where potential changes in ocean circulation could have serious consequences for future anthropogenic uptake. Global warming-induced changes in the ocean's transport of heat and freshwater, which could affect the circulation, can be followed through long-term measurements. The sections proposed consist of approximately two meridional and two zonal lines in each ocean, for a total of 10 sections over 6 field years. The core measurements include hydrography (CTD, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, L/ADCP, Underway T, S, pCO2, bathymetry, navigation), carbon system (DIC, pCO2. TAlk, pH, DOC, DON), and transient tracers (CFCs, tritium/3He). In addition to the collection of the data, quality control measures will be routinely carried out by providers of reference-quality data. Post-cruise data updates, distribution, and archive will be managed by groups with separate funding. The field work will be integrated with a larger international effort to monitor the ocean's response to climate change.Broader Impacts: The results will be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding. The program is based on the fundamental concept that data collected belong to the community, and are available to the community at large rather than being proprietary for the investigators involved in the project. The data policy proposed will be stringent and geared towards rapid and open dissemination, and with a clear structure for all data to undergo thorough quality control. Such an ambitious goal requiring this degree of openness has not been tried on a large scale before. The program benefits to society include the collection of a high quality data set, and use of the data to assess climate change. The global program will provide full water column data of climatically significant parameters with decadal coverage. These data will be used to assess climate change by quantifying the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 by the ocean, and contributing to an understanding and models of the processes that control the uptake and transport of CO2 into the ocean's interior. Since these are likely to be the only systematic observations below 2000 m, they will be used to document long term trends in ocean warming, and heat and freshwater fluxes. The data will be a resource for model calibration of the climate system. The proposed program will promote training and learning. It will serve as a community resource for training and entraining graduate students, postdoctoral scientists, and new scientists. Funds are budgeted in the lead proposal for graduate students, post-docs, and young, non-seagoing scientists to participate in each cruise.