Change Blindness: Representing Information Across Views

从简单的新奇物品排列到复杂的自然主义电影，人们通常不会注意到展品的巨大变化。例如，观察者有时无法注意到，当电影的中心演员被另一个人取代时，镜头被切换到另一个镜头。然而，这种变化检测失败的机制，或者“变化盲视”，并没有被很好地理解。本提案的主要目标是研究当观众有意寻找变化和当他们没有预料到变化时，我们对视觉世界的表征是如何影响我们检测变化的能力（或无能）的。实验任务将在实验室内外使用，因此包括在更生态有效的观看条件下测试视觉场景的表示的条件。变量将包括变化的幅度、初始观看时间、原始显示和更改显示之间的延迟以及场景的复杂性。另一系列的实验将使用有意的和偶然的任务来探索对简单的物体阵列、自然场景的照片和电影的分类变化的检测。第三个系列的实验探索的可能性是，即使我们没有意识到变化本身，我们也可能对变化的物体形成隐性甚至显性的痕迹。这些实验研究了变化检测的失败是否意味着缺乏表征或仅仅是表征无法被意识到。之前关于变化盲视的研究假设，检测到变化的失败意味着缺乏表征。这一推论得出的结论是，从一个视角到另一个视角，人们对视觉世界保留的信息很少。本提案中的研究将探索我们所代表的视觉世界的可能性，而不是变化盲视的存在所暗示的。通过使用有意的和偶然的任务，从简单的物体阵列到复杂的动态场景，这些实验将允许更完整地描述我们从一个视图到下一个视图的视觉表征的本质，以及一般的视觉短期记忆。

People often do not notice large changes to displays ranging from simple arrays of novel objects to complex, naturalistic motion pictures. For example, observers sometimes fail to notice when the central actor in a motion picture is replaced by a different person during a cut to a different camera view. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such change detection failures, or "change blindness," are not well understood. The primary goal of this proposal is to investigate the way in which our representations of the visual world influence our ability (or inability) to detect changes when viewers intentionally search for a change and when they do not anticipate a change. Experimental tasks will be used both in and out of the laboratory thereby including conditions in which the representation of visual scenes is tested under more ecologically valid viewing conditions. Variables will include the magnitude of the change, the initial viewing time, the delay between the original and changed display, and the complexity of the scene. Another series of experiments will use both intentional and incidental tasks to explore the detection of categorical changes to in simple arrays of objects, photographs of natural scenes, and motion pictures. A third series of experiments explores the possibility that we may form implicit or even explicit traces of changed objects even when we are unaware of the change itself. These experiments investigate whether failures of change detection imply the lack of a representation or simply the inaccessibility of a representation to awareness. Previous work on change blindness has assumed that the failure to detect a change implies the absence of a representation. This inference has led to the conclusion that people retain little information about their visual world from one view to the next. The studies in this proposal will explore the possibility that we represent more of our visual world than the existence of change blindness might imply. By using both intentional and incidental tasks with displays ranging from simple arrays of objects to complex, dynamic scenes, these experiments will allow a more complete description of the nature of our visual representations from one view to the next and of visual short-term memory in general.