Doctoral Dissertation Research: Citizenship, Immigration, and the Shadow State in the United States

社会服务对移民的成员资格和融入美国社会至关重要，特别是对那些社会经济地位低的移民群体或那些因其种族和文化特征而被标记为边缘化的移民群体。 然而，随着最近公共权力的下放，中央和地区政府将社会服务的提供外包给非营利部门的组织，美国城市的社会服务的提供发生了变化。 政府往往对这些组织如何使用公共资金保持影响力。 这种政府监督的因素有可能使国家资助的非营利组织成为国家政策的工具或"影子国家"。“这个博士论文研究项目探讨了明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗大都市区政府资助政策和社会服务提供之间的关系，以了解影子国家对移民融入的影响。 该项目的重点是向移民群体提供社会服务的非营利组织，这些组织是调解政府供资规定、组织目标和移民融入进程目标的重要行为者。 该项目提出了以下问题：（1）政府的资助规定如何纳入向移民提供的社会服务？ (2)社会服务组织的目标和议程如何影响合并过程？ (3)组织如何应对移民社区的合并利益？ 初步调查和随后与社会服务组织领导人和移民社区领导人的深入访谈将提供有关各组织如何在融合过程中为移民塑造体制机会结构的数据。 该项目将通过公民身份概念解决移民融入社会的问题。 预期调查结果将显示一些组织在提供社会服务时促进公民身份的正式、法律的方面以及实质性、社区归属方面的条件。该项目更广泛的意义在于评估公民身份是如何通过社会服务组织概念化和向移民表达的。 在提供社会服务的公私伙伴关系日益流行的时候，本项目将分析这些提供系统对通过提供社会服务的新战略创造和传播的公民身份的影响。 随着移民在美国城市人口中所占的比例越来越大，他们融入社会的方式成为公共政策的重要问题。 该项目的主要贡献是了解影子国家对移民融入和美国社会公民身份建设的作用和相对重要性。 这项研究还将揭示社会规划机构影响移民融入许多城市地区的各种手段。 这项研究还将有助于评估社会服务政策，并有助于负责向移民提供社会服务的组织和机构。 作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立的研究生涯。

Social services are critical to immigrants' membership and incorporation into American society, particularly for those groups of immigrants with low socioeconomic status or those marked as marginal by their racial and cultural characteristics. Delivery of social services in American cities has changed, however, as recent decentralization of public authority have led central and regional governments to contract out the delivery of social services to organizations in the non-profit sector. Governments often maintain influence on how public funds may be used in such organizations. This element of government oversight has the potential to make state-funded non-profit organizations into instruments of state policy or a "shadow state." This doctoral dissertation research project explores the relationship between government funding policies and social service delivery in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in order to understand the effect that the shadow state has on the incorporation of immigrants. The project focuses on non-profit organizations that provide social services to immigrant groups as important actors that mediate government funding stipulations, organizational goals, and immigrants' goals for the incorporation process. The project asks the following questions: (1) How do government funding stipulations become integrated into social services that are delivered to immigrants? (2) How do social service organizations' goals and agendas affect the incorporation process? (3) How do organizations respond to immigrant communities' incorporation interests? An initial survey and subsequent in-depth interviews with leaders of social service organizations and with leaders of immigrant communities will provide data regarding how organizations shape the institutional opportunity structure for immigrants in the incorporation process. This project will address the immigrant incorporation process through the concept of citizenship. The findings are expected to demonstrate the conditions under which some organizations promote formal, legal aspects of citizenship as well as substantive, community-belonging aspects in the delivery of social services. The broader significance of this project is its evaluation of how citizenship is conceptualized and represented to immigrants through social service organizations. At a time when public-private partnerships in social service delivery are gaining currency, this project will analyze the impact these delivery systems on the kinds of citizenship that are created and circulated through new strategies of social service delivery. As immigrants have come to constitute a larger portion of the population in American cities, the ways in which they become incorporated are important issues of public policy. A primary contribution of this project is knowledge about the role and relative importance that the shadow state has for immigrant incorporation and for the on-going construction of citizenship in American society. This research will also shed light on the various means by which social planning agencies affect immigrant incorporation in many urban regions. The research will also be relevant for evaluation of social service policies and for the organizations and agencies that are responsible for providing social service to immigrants. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.