Doctoral Dissertation Research: Cities and the "Multicultural State": Immigration, Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods, and the Socio-Spatial Negotiation of Policy in the Netherlands

在西欧国家，移民被广泛认为是一个主要的社会问题。2001年9月11日的恐怖袭击加剧了围绕这个问题的政治辩论，因为流入西欧的主要移民来自穆斯林国家。在这种背景下，荷兰是唯一一个致力于建设“多元文化国家”的西欧国家。荷兰政府认为这一理想政策至关重要，因为它将保持这个日益多民族国家的凝聚力，减轻部分人口对移民日益增长的恐惧和怀疑，并克服大城市中日益严重的种族隔离。但是，虽然这是政策理想，但反移民政党已经出现了巨大的政治转变，大城市的种族隔离现象日益严重。目前的学术分析缺乏对多元文化政策理想及其在城市空间中的实施和谈判之间关系的实证关注。本博士论文研究项目探讨了阿姆斯特丹和鹿特丹四个社区的这种联系。该项目提出了以下问题：什么构成了旨在融合和多元文化的政策？他们在不同的移民周期中的根源是什么？谁来定义这些策略？政策的实施在地域上是如何协商的？它们如何影响城市空间中的社会空间相互作用？为了回答这些问题，研究者将采用多种方法，包括收集和分析人口普查数据，对政策文件进行广泛的档案研究，对参与多元文化政策制定和实施的关键行动者进行半结构化访谈，以及在四个比较当地案例研究中进行半结构化访谈和参与者观察。这些方法将解决如何在国家对多元文化主义的总体承诺下，在荷兰两个最大城市的不同城市社区中以不同的方式协商政策。本研究考察了国家多元文化主义和一体化政策的地域差异。它研究了荷兰城市不同社区的不同城市人口如何以不同的方式协商对多元文化主义的总体国家承诺，并强调了这种不同规模的政策差异谈判和对多民族城市的地理理解的含义。本研究将有助于对多民族社会城市转型的地理学理解，并可能影响多民族社会的教学和政策。该项目将通过强调许多西方国家越来越重视促进积极公民身份作为促进多民族社会社会凝聚力的手段，影响有关多元文化主义和城市空间生产、国家-移民关系以及积极公民身份的文献。作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立研究生涯。

Immigration is widely acknowledged to be a major social issue in Western European countries. Ongoing political debate over the issue was only exacerbated by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 because major immigrant flows to Western Europe are from Muslim countries. In this context, the Netherlands is the only Western European nation to commit itself to the ideal of constructing a "multicultural state." The Dutch state sees this policy ideal as crucial because it will maintain the coherence of the increasingly multi-ethnic country, alleviate growing fear and suspicion of immigrants among sections of the population, and overcome growing ethnic segregation in the big cities. But while this is the policy ideal, a massive political shift has occurred in favor of anti-immigrant parties, and increasing segregation occurs in the big cities. Current academic analysis lacks a grounded empirical focus on the relationships between multicultural policy ideals and their implementation and negotiation in urban space. This doctoral dissertation research project explores this connection in four neighborhoods in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The project asks the following questions: What constitutes policies aimed at integration and multiculturalism? What are their roots in different cycles of migration? Who defines these policies? How is the implementation of policy negotiated geographically? How do they affect socio-spatial interaction in urban space? To answer these questions, the investigator will draw on a variety of methods, including the collection and analysis of census data, an extensive archival study of policy documents, semi-structured interviews with key actors involved in multicultural policy development and implementation, and semi-structured interviews and participant observation in four comparative local case studies. These methods will address how it is that within an overarching state commitment to multiculturalism, policy is negotiated differently in different urban neighborhoods in the two largest cities in the Netherlands.This research examines the uneven geographies of state multiculturalism and integration policies. It examines how diverse urban populations in different neighborhoods of Dutch cities negotiate an overarching national state commitment to multiculturalism differently, and it highlights the implications of this differential negotiation for policy at various scales and for geographic understandings of multi-ethnic cities. The research will contribute to geographical understanding of urban transformation in multi-ethnic societies, and it may impact teaching and policy in multi-ethnic societies. The project will impact the literature on multiculturalism and the production of urban space, state-immigrant relations, and active citizenship by emphasizing the increasing importance many Western states place on promoting active citizenship as a means for promoting social cohesion in multi-ethnic societies. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.