Doctoral Dissertation Research: Social Cleavages and Political Parties in New Democracies: Benin and Bolivia in Comparative Perspective

社会裂痕在政党体系中的表现方式会影响重要的政治结果。特别是，除了政治辩论的问题不同外，政党制度是按照族裔还是非族裔的界限组织起来，这一点很重要，原因很多。这些问题包括种族政党和赞助政治之间可能存在的联系、民主不稳定和种族暴力。我们就越了解.原因是什么。基于种族的政党制度越好，我们就越有能力设计机构和其他政策干预措施，以防止它们的危险。建立在最近的唯物主义基础上。关于民族政治的文献，这篇论文因此问：什么时候以及为什么民族认同在一些新的民主国家的政党制度中政治上突出，而在另一些新民主国家的经济认同中？什么时候两者都突出，或者都不突出？该项目寻求为这些问题找到一个适用于跨国家的答案，特别是适用于新的多民族民主国家。方法：本项目采用两个地理区域的深入实地调查和跨国统计分析。将利用2004-2005学年在贝宁和玻利维亚进行的实地考察，利用国内不同时期和不同地区的比较，检验所提出的理论与从文献中得出的其他理论的因果机制。贝宁和玻利维亚是用最好的案例精心挑选出来的。战略；如果工作理论不适用于这些情况，它应该被拒绝。数据将来自精英访谈；对竞选活动、政治集会和其他事件的人种学观察；以及人口普查、选举和调查数据。也可以使用其他方法，如地方报纸文章的内容分析和议会辩论。该项目的跨国部分将用于通过检验关键预测来探索从案例中得出的结论的外部有效性。这项分析的数据将来自新的跨国家政党数据集，该数据集建立在坎昌·钱德拉教授关于族裔政党的跨国家数据库以及其他跨国来源的基础上。在拟议活动期间，将在每个个案研究国家、2004年9月至2005年2月在玻利维亚和2005年3月至8月在贝宁进行为期6个月的实地工作。跨国分析将在2004年春季和2005年秋季完成。更广泛的影响：拟议的NSF拨款将为麻省理工学院政治学博士论文的实地研究部分提供资金，从而促进培训和学习。本论文计划于2006年6月完成，之后该项目的合作者将从事教学工作。拟议活动的结果将广泛传播。它们将在专业学术会议上提出(已经提交了一些建议)；通过学术讨论会或工作文件传播；并以文章形式提交期刊发表。整个论文将构成一本书的手稿的基础。建议开展的活动还有利于通过联合PIE继续作为附属学者参与玻利维亚拉巴斯的科迪勒拉大学和贝宁科托努的政治经济实证研究所(IERPE)，在美国学者和玻利维亚和贝宁学者之间建立研究网络和伙伴关系。美国学者与贝宁和西非其他法语国家的学者之间现有的网络尤其薄弱。最后，在解释为什么有些政党制度是种族制度时，该项目试图为促进民主化国家的和平、善政和经济福祉的政策干预和机构改革提供信息。

How social cleavages are represented in a party system affects important political outcomes. In particular, there are a number of reasons why it should matter whether party systems are organized along ethnic versus non-ethnic lines, beyond simply that the issues of political debate are different. These include possible links between ethnic parties and patronage politics, democratic instability, and ethnic violence. The more we know about what .causes. ethnically-based party systems, the better position we are in to design institutions and other policy interventions that prevent their dangers. Building on recent .materialist. literature in ethnic politics, this dissertation thus asks: When and why are ethnic identities politically salient in the party systems of some new democracies and economic identities in others? When are both or neither salient? This project seeks to develop an answer to these questions that applies cross-nationally, specifically to new multiethnic democracies. Methods: This project employs both in-depth fieldwork in two geographic regions and cross-national statistical analysis. Fieldwork in Benin and Bolivia during the 2004-2005 academic year will be used to test the causal mechanisms of the theory presented against those of other theories drawn from the literature using within-country comparisons over time and across regions. Benin and Bolivia were carefully chosen using a .best case. strategy; if the working theory does not hold for these cases, it should be rejected. Data will be drawn from elite interviews; ethnographic observation of election campaigns, political rallies, and other events; and census, electoral, and survey data. Other methods, such as content analysis of local newspaper articles and parliamentary debates also may be used. The cross-national component of the project will be used to explore the external validity of the findings drawn from the cases by testing key predictions. Data for this analysis will be drawn from a new cross-national dataset on political parties, which builds on Professor Kanchan Chandra.s Cross-National Database on Ethnic Parties, as well as other cross-national sources. During the term of the proposed activity, six months of field work would be conducted in each case study country, in Bolivia during September 2004 to February 2005 and in Benin during March through August 2005. Cross-national analysis will be completed during spring 2004 and fall 2005. Broader Impacts: The proposed NSF grant would fund the field research component of a doctoral dissertation in political science at MIT, thus promoting training and learning. The dissertation is scheduled to be completed by June 2006, following which the co-PI of this project will pursue a teaching career. The results of the proposed activity will be broadly disseminated. They will be presented at professional academic conferences (some proposals have already been submitted); disseminated through colloquia or working papers; and submitted in article form for journal publication. The entire dissertation will form the basis of a book manuscript. The proposed activity also has the benefit of building research networks and partnerships between American scholars and those in Bolivia and Benin through the co-PI.s continuing participation as an affiliated scholar of the Universidad de la Cordillera in La Paz, Bolivia, and the Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IERPE) in Cotonou, Benin. Existing networks between American scholars and those in Benin and elsewhere in francophone West Africa, in particular, are weak. Finally, in explaining why some party systems are ethnic, this project seeks to inform policy interventions and institutional reforms that promote peace, good governance, and economic well-being in democratizing countries.