II: Pathways

摘要科学研究正在接受高度协作、基于网络和数据密集型的实践标准。 随着科学研究自身的转变，对能够捕获数字学术记录、使其可访问并随时间保存的原生数字化、基于网络的学术交流系统的需求变得显而易见。 互联网的普及为一种新的出版范式提供了基础，这种范式具有包容性、响应性和适应性，类似于它打算记录的科学过程。 Pathways项目将调查新的基础设施并制作原型，以满足以下要求。第一，学术交流的单位（传统上是出版物）。必须重新定义，通过整合文本，数据模拟，图像，音频和其他丰富的媒体来模拟科学本身的现实。第二，科学的过程与产品同样重要。网络化的基础设施允许分离和重新实现传统出版系统中垂直整合的功能。新的信息流或途径必须能够支持广泛的功能，包括数据共享、成果传播、同行评审和数字保存。 第三，关于奖学金动态的信息目前已经丢失。学术交流的基础设施应该促进科学进步的档案观点，最终结果只是过程文件中的一个记录。 基于图的信息模型将在异构资源（数据、内容和服务）上提供一个抽象层。 一个面向服务的过程模型将使多阶段的合成、计算和转换信息流的表达和调用成为可能，一个可互操作的、基于网络的系统将有助于打破传统学术出版范式的束缚，允许灵活有效的机制来创建、传播、认证、注册、转换和存档科学成果。 在这项工作中开发的模型和协议将有助于创建新类型的信息实体和分布式工作流程的演变，更好地匹配基本的科学过程。正如网络为所有人-学者、教师、普通公民和学生-创造了一个工具，一个更好的连接学术交流系统将使科学成果作为丰富、多维度、动态的在线资源得到广泛传播。

ABSTRACTScientific research is embracing highly collaborative, network-based, and data-intensive standards of practice. As scientific research transforms itself, the need for a natively digital, network-based scholarly communication system that is able to capture the digital scholarly record, make it accessible, and preserve it over time becomes evident. The ubiquity of the Internet provides the foundation for a new publication paradigm that is inclusive, responsive, and adaptive, one that resembles the scientific process that it intends to document. The Pathways project will investigate and prototype new infrastructure to address the following requirements. First, the unit of scholarly communication (traditionally a publication.) must be redefined to resemble the reality of science itself by integrating text, data simulations, images, audio, and other rich media. Second, the process of science is as important as the product. Networked infrastructure permits the decoupling and reimplementation of functions that have been vertically-integrated in traditional publishing systems. New information flows, or pathways, must be enabled to support a broad spectrum of functions including data sharing, dissemination of results, peer-review, and digital preservation. Third, information about the dynamics of scholarship is currently lost. The scholarly communication infrastructure should facilitate an archival view of scientific progress, whereby final results are but one record in the documentation of process. A graph-based information model will provide a layer of abstraction over heterogeneous resources (data, content, and services). A service-oriented process model will enable the expression and invocation of multi-stage compositional, computational, and transformational information flows.An interoperable, network-based system will assist in breaking the constraining shackles of the traditional scholarly publishing paradigm, allowing for flexible and efficient mechanisms to create, disseminate, certify, register, transform, and archive scientific results. The models and protocols developed in this work will facilitate the creation of new types of information entities and the evolution of distributed workflows that better match underlying scientific processes. Just as the Web created a tool for all,scholars, teachers, lay citizens and school children, a better connected scholarly communication system will enable the wide dissemination of scientific results as rich, multi-dimensional, dynamic online resources.