Capturing Mauna Loa's Current Reawakening - Integrated Geodetic and Numerical Investigations of Magmatic and Volcanotectonic Processes, Mauna Loa, Hawaii

夏威夷的莫纳罗亚火山目前提供了一个前所未有的科学机会窗口。最近的大地测量证据表明，地球上最大的火山已经开始重新膨胀，可能处于典型喷发周期的第一阶段，包括：1）山顶膨胀，2）山顶喷发，3）岩脉扩展和侧翼喷发。尽管自1833年以来这里已经发生了30多个这样的喷发周期，最近的一次是在1984年喷发前的10年，伴随的地表形变场从未用新一代高分辨率空间数据进行过分析-基于大地测量平台，目前正在革命性的火山大地测量。我们建议研究地壳变形的运动学和力学及其通过比较GPS和InSAR导出的表面位移场和时间序列与旨在模拟重力加载条件的数值模拟的预测，研究了Mauna Loa火山与岩浆过程的关系。我们将安装12个连续运行的GPS（CGPS）和30个测量GPS（SGPS）站，重点放在莫纳罗亚山的裂谷带和侧翼。我们将联合收割机的GPS数据与来自ENVISAT重复通过的InSAR衍生时间序列相结合，以提供在大于10千米的区域内10米像素间距的空间连续性。对三个基本火山构造过程和相关问题的调查推动了我们的调查：1）顶峰膨胀和喷发。山顶岩浆房的空间位置和几何形状是什么？它在山顶喷发之前和之前是如何变化的？在整个建筑物中发生山顶喷发的力学边界条件是什么？2)堤防扩展和侧翼喷发。山顶和裂谷带侵入/侧翼喷发之间的关系是什么？是什么控制着岩墙沿侧翼裂谷带向下扩展的动力学？一个特别令人兴奋的前景是，CGPS站点将捕捉到主要的堤防侵入事件进入莫纳罗亚的侧翼裂谷带之一。地形引起的应力如何影响近地表变形和火山过程？邻近的火山，如基拉韦厄，如何影响火山构造现象？

Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano currently presents a window of scientific opportunity that is unprecedented. Recent geodetic evidence shows that Earth's largest volcano has begun to re-inflate and is likely in the first stage of a typical eruption cycle comprising: 1) summit inflation, 2) summit eruption, and 3) dike propagation and flank eruptions. Although more than 30 such eruptive cycles have occurred here since 1833, and one as recently as the 10 years prior to the 1984 eruption, the accompanying surface deformation fields have never been analyzed with data from the new generation of high-resolution space- based geodetic platforms that is currently revolutionizing volcano geodesy.We propose to investigate the kinematics and mechanics of crustal deformation and its relation to magmatic processes at Mauna Loa by comparing GPS- and InSAR-derived surface displacement fields and time series with predictions from numerical simulations designed to simulate gravitational loading conditions. We will install 12 continuously operating GPS (CGPS) and 30 survey GPS (SGPS) stations focused on Mauna Loa's rift zones and flanks. We will combine the GPS data with an InSAR-derived time series from ENVISAT repeat passes to provide spatial continuity at a pixel spacing of 10s of meters over areas greater than 10s of kilometers.The investigation of three fundamental volcanotectonic processes and related questions drive our investigation:1) Summit Inflation and Eruption. What is the spatial location and geometry of the summit magma chamber and how does it change prior, and leading up, to a summit eruption? What are the mechanical boundary conditions throughout the edifice in which a summit eruption occurs?2) Dike Propagation and Flank Eruption. What is the relationship between summit and rift zone intrusions/flank eruptions? What controls the dynamics of dike propagation down a flank rift zone? A particularly exciting prospect is that the CGPS sites will capture major dike-intrusion events into one of Mauna Loa's flanking rift zones.3) Gravitational Volcanic Deformation. How do topographically-induced stresses influence near-surface deformation and volcanic processes? How do neighboring volcanoes, such as Kilauea, impact volcanotectonic phenomena?