A Second Edition of "Anatomy of the Monocotyledone (Palmae)" Based on New Evidence in Relation to Phylogeny

摘要棕榈科（槟榔科）是地球上最具生态价值和经济价值的植物群之一。关于手掌的三个科学问题将被回答：(1)解剖变异的范围是什么？解剖重点是叶片将描述和记录所有187属和约500种棕榈树。研究结果将作为1961年早期《单子叶植物解剖》系列的新版本出版。新的观察结果将基于从三个美国热带植物园收集的材料，这些植物园有种植和容易接近的棕榈树。由于当地政府的限制，这种国内资源避免了在许多热带国家收集的困难（如果不是不可能的话）任务。(2)解剖学在手掌系统学中的作用有多大？新版将提供解剖特征，包括照相板。信息将被提炼成带有术语表和图像的交互式密钥，并可在万维网上广泛访问。棕榈材料和经济产品将被识别为属和在许多情况下物种。热带生物学和农业的研究人员将参考它。(3)解剖特征的系统发育意义是什么？棕榈树是一种独特的天然植物群，其进化关系的分子证据与形态学和解剖学无关。解剖数据将评分为分支分析，以帮助澄清手掌系统。关于解剖特征进化的假设将与分子树（目前正在其他合作实验室确定）进行比较，以确定一致性。更广泛的科学意义和社会效益：拟议的书籍和网站将记录和传播对手掌结构和分类的改进理解。基于分子数据的新的进化假设将根据新的结构数据进行评估。结构特征也可能与棕榈生态有关。棕榈树具有全球经济重要性，在热带地区人民的文化和生活中具有当地价值。它们在热带植物学教学中起着象征作用。解剖纲要和网站将协助非植物学家（生态学、考古学、工业、农林业和法医学）鉴定棕榈树，同时为病理和生理研究提供基础。培养博士后和研究生各1名；解释性和教育性材料将由仙童挑战网络（Fairchild Challenge Network）分发给3万名美国学童，并通过收藏棕榈树的植物园、世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）棕榈树专家组的合作伙伴、全球树木运动和全球棕榈树保护评估，在全球范围内分发。在仙童热带植物园，研究结果将添加到解释性标志和导览中，向参观花园的学生、教师和公众展示。

AbstractThe palm family (Arecaceae) is one of the most ecologically important and economically valuable plant groups on Earth. Three scientific questions about palms will be answered:(1) What is the range of anatomical variation? Anatomy with emphasis on leaves will be described and documented for all 187 genera and about 500 species of palms. The results will be published as a new edition of the earlier 1961 volume in the Anatomy of the Monocotyledons series. The new observations will be based on material collected from three American tropical botanic gardens with cultivated and readily accessible palms. This domestic resource avoids the difficult if not impossible task of collecting in many tropical countries due to local government restrictions. (2) How useful is anatomy in palm systematics? The new edition will provide anatomical characterizations including photographic plates. Information will be distilled as an interactive key with glossary and images and be widely accessible on the World Wide Web. Palm material and economic products will be identifiable to genus and in many cases species. Researchers in tropical biology and agriculture will refer to it.(3) What is the phylogenetic significance of anatomical characters? The palms are a distinctive and natural plant group in which molecular evidence for evolutionary relationships has not been related to morphology and anatomy. Anatomical data will be scored for cladistic analyses to help clarify palm systematics. Hypotheses about anatomical character evolution will be compared to molecular trees (now being determined in other cooperating labs) for congruence. Broader scientific significance and societal benefits: The proposed book and website will document and disseminate the improved understanding of palm structure and classification. New evolutionary hypotheses based on molecular data will be evaluated against the new structural data. Structural features can also be related to palm ecology. Palms are of global economic importance and of local value in the culture and life of tropical peoples. They serve as icons in the teaching of tropical botany. The anatomical compendium and website will assist in identification of palms for non-botanists (in ecology, archaeology, industry, agroforestry and forensic science) while providing a foundation for pathological and physiological studies. A postdoctoral fellow and graduate student will be trained; interpretive and educational materials will be distributed by the Fairchild Challenge Network to 30,000 U.S. school children, and globally, through botanic gardens with palm collections, partners in the IUCN Palm Specialist Group, the Global Trees Campaign, and the Global Palm Conservation Assessment. At Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, research results will be added to interpretive signs and tours presented to school children, teachers and the general public who visit the Garden.