The Role of Corporate Groups in the Development of Early Pueblos

美国国家科学基金会将资助美国西南部的研究，以调查史前阿纳萨齐人如何应对世纪当地人口的增加和快速移民。 艾莉森·劳特曼博士（密歇根州立大学）将在一个名为弗兰克遗址的普韦布洛遗址指导两个夏季的挖掘工作，该遗址的历史可以追溯到公元1100年至1300年。 挖掘将涉及本科生和研究生在挖掘，文物分析，报告写作，和推广。学生们还将准备外展材料捐赠给附近的萨利纳斯普韦布洛使命国家公园和后代普韦布洛团体用于他们的教育计划。新的数据将与来自同一地区的两个早期网站的现有收集进行比较。 在这一地区，人口重组伴随着从木坑遗址到早期普韦布洛发展的建筑转型：人们首先从分散的半地下木坑迁移到数量较少的土坯砖地上普韦布洛，然后聚集到更大的砖石普韦布洛。 1986年在附近的一个pithouse遗址进行的挖掘收集提供了关于阿纳萨齐人在大量人口迁入之前的生活方式的基线数据。第二个遗址是1994年挖掘的早期土坯普韦布洛遗址，其收集的数据代表了该地区普韦布洛发展的第一步，即建造地上结构取代地下坑结构。在弗兰克遗址的挖掘提供了普韦布洛发展第二步的数据，这涉及到整个地区的石灰石砖石普韦布洛和人口集中到更少，但更大的网站。 从附近的历史时期的普韦布洛公布的数据证实，陶瓷生产和使用，仪式盛宴，和社区狩猎成为高度组织在普韦布洛村的水平。在每个史前遗址中，都可能存在某种形式的家庭以上的合作（公司）团体，并有考古学证据证明经济活动日益标准化，如工艺专业化，以及公共狩猎和宴会的证据。通过对这三个地点的比较，可以准确地确定家庭群体何时开始开始在这些经济和仪式活动中合作。该项目的重点是了解合作社团体在促进当地人口相对迅速聚集方面的作用。这项研究具体调查了公司集团在发展和加强社区内社会联系方面的重要性，这些联系促进了更多人之间的合作，并在当地人迁入以前建立的村庄的背景下。更广泛的影响。这些分析有助于更好地了解广泛的“pithouse到普韦布洛过渡”在史前西南部。 学生参与外展将影响许多游客到萨利纳斯普韦布洛特派团国家公园，以及现代后裔普韦布洛社区。更一般地说，本研究调查分散以及聚合社区如何发展，培养和维持个人和家庭之间的有效社会联系，这些社区是否采取现代分散牧场或网络社区的形式，或（在另一个极端）高度核心化的定居点，如现代难民营或城市，正在努力科普持续的人口迁移。

The National Science Foundation grant will fund research in the American Southwest to investigate how the prehistoric Anasazi coped with increased local population and rapid immigration during the 12th century . Dr. Alison Rautman (Michigan State University) will direct two summer seasons of excavation at a pueblo site called Frank's Ruin, which dates from about A.D. 1100 to 1300. The excavations will involve undergraduate and graduate students in excavation, artifact analysis, report-writing, and outreach. Students will also prepare outreach materials to donate to nearby Salinas Pueblo Missions National Park and to the descendent Pueblo groups for use in their educational programs.The new data will be compared with existing collections from two earlier sites in the same locale. In this area, population re-organization accompanies an architectural transition from pithouse sites to the development of early pueblos: people first move from dispersed semi-subterranean pithouses into a smaller number of adobe-brick above-ground pueblos, and then later aggregate into even larger masonry pueblos. Collections from the 1986 excavations at a nearby pithouse site provides baseline data regarding the Anasazi's way of life before substantial population in-migration. Collections from a second site, an early adobe pueblo site excavated in 1994, provide data that represent the first step in pueblo development in this area, the construction of above-ground structures that replace the below-ground pitstructures. Excavation at Frank's Ruin provides data from the second step in pueblo development, which involved a region-wide change to limestone masonry pueblos and population concentration into fewer but larger sites. Published data from Historic period pueblos nearby confirm that ceramic production and use, ritual feasting, and communal hunting became highly organized at the level of the pueblo village. The possible existence of some form of cooperative (corporate) group above the level of the household is examined for each prehistoric site with archaeological evidence for increasing standardization in economic activities such as craft specialization, and also evidence of communal hunting and feasting. Comparisons between the three sites will identify exactly when groups of households begin to cooperate in these economic and ritual activities.Intellectual merit. This project focuses on understanding the role of cooperative groups in facilitating relatively rapid local population aggregation. The research investigates specifically the importance of corporate groups in developing and reinforcing within-community social ties that facilitate cooperation among a greater number of people, and in the context of local in-migration into previously established villages. Broader impacts. These analyses contribute to a greater understanding of the widespread "pithouse to pueblo transition" in the prehistoric Southwest. Student involvement in outreach will impact the many visitors to Salinas Pueblo Missions National Park, as well as the modern descendent pueblo communities. More generally, this research investigates how dispersed as well as aggregated communities can develop, foster, and sustain effective social ties among individuals and households, whether these communities take the form of modern dispersed ranching or cyber-communities, or (at the other extreme) highly nucleated settlements such as modern refugee camps or cities that are struggling to cope with continual population in-migration.