Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Metal Production on the Early Bronze Age Hungarian Plain

在教授的指导下..杰弗里·A·克拉克、克里斯托弗·A·帕帕拉斯将分析两个匈牙利青铜时代聚居地的金属生产碎片，这些聚居地曾经是佩尔贾莫斯或佩西卡文化中的马罗斯人(公元前2500年-公元前1500年)。马洛人是最早拥有青铜冶炼技术的欧洲内陆人之一，并以其壮观的墓地而闻名，墓地中存放着青铜饰品、工具和武器。尽管金属制品在马洛斯动荡的世界中扮演了至关重要的角色，但我们对它们的制造者或如何制造却知之甚少。帕帕拉斯的研究考察了马洛斯人长期以来使用的材料和技术，分析了东欧最大的青铜时代金属生产碎片的系统收集。对欧洲青铜时代金属生产的研究很重要，因为青铜冶炼与复杂的国家级社会的兴起有关，几乎在任何地方都会发生青铜冶炼。然而，温和的欧洲是这种模式的例外，因为更加平等主义和部落主义的社会结构一直持续到青铜时代之后很久。在相对平等的社会中发展复杂技术的案例对于研究技术的社会作用至关重要，这是人类学中的一个中心问题，与世界各地的古代和现代社会直接相关。该项目将从分析冶金碎屑开始，以便在几个时间点重建Maros金属加工技术。这应该对该地区早期冶金的发展和组织有所启示。罗马尼亚西部山区的铜矿也将被取样，以与考古数据进行比较。它们可能是大多数马洛斯金属的来源，众所周知在青铜时代非常重要，但人们对它们知之甚少。最后，将进行一系列冶炼实验，以实际再现Maros金属铁匠使用的材料和方法。总而言之，这些程序将产生整个东欧青铜时代冶金工业最全面的图景。由于其跨学科的性质，该项目的受众将远远超出社会科学。地质学家将受益于有关罗马尼亚西部丰富矿藏的更多信息--具有科学和经济价值的数据。从方法论的角度来看，拟议的研究将系统地整合从几个学科的广泛技术中获得的结果。因此，它可以作为未来类似跨学科研究的典范。最后，该项目将促进美国和东欧学者之间的合作关系，这是加强美国与该地区联系的重要一步。

Under the supervision of Prof.. Geoffrey A. Clark, Christopher A. Papalas will analyze metal production debris from two Hungarian Bronze Age settlements once inhabited by the Maros group of the Perjamos or Pecica culture (2500 B.C. - 1500 B.C.). The Maros were among the first inland Europeans to have bronze metallurgy and are known for their spectacular cemeteries containing bronze ornaments, tools, and weapons. Although metal objects played a crucial role in the turbulent world of the Maros, we know very little about who made them or how they were made. Papalas' research examines materials and techniques the Maros used through time, analyzing the largest systematic collection of Bronze Age metal production debris available in Eastern Europe. Research on metal production during the European Bronze Age is important because bronze metallurgy is associated with the rise of complex, state level societies almost everywhere it occurs. Temperate Europe is an exception to this pattern, however, as a more egalitarian and tribal social structure persisted until well after the Bronze Age. Cases where complex technologies develop in relatively egalitarian societies are of key importance to the study of the social role of technology, a central issue in anthropology with direct relevance to ancient and modern societies worldwide. This project will begin with an analysis of metallurgical debris in order to reconstruct Maros metal working techniques at several points in time. This should shed light on the development and organization of early metallurgy in the region. Copper ore deposits in the mountains of Western Romania will also be sampled for comparison to the archaeological data. These were probably the source of most Maros metal and are known to have been of great importance during the Bronze Age, but little is known about them. Finally, a series of smelting experiments will be conducted to actually recreate the materials and methods used by Maros metal smiths. Together, these procedures will produce the most comprehensive picture of a Bronze Age metallurgical industry in all of Eastern Europe.Because of its interdisciplinary nature, this project will have an audience well beyond the social sciences. Geologists will be benefit from additional information about the rich ore deposits of Western Romania - data of both scientific and economic interest. From a methodological point of view, the proposed study will systematically integrate results obtained from a wide range of techniques drawn from several disciplines. It can thus serve as a model for analogous interdisciplinary studies in the future. Finally, the project will foster collaborative relations between American and Eastern European scholars, an important step towards strengthening American ties to this region.