Doctoral Dissertation Research: Prehistoric Basalt Tool Production in Tutuila, American Samoa, and its Role in Prehistoric Exchange Networks in Fiji-West Polynesia

在William S.艾尔斯，欧内斯特温特霍夫将分析从考古发掘和采样在石制工具采石场网站上图伊拉岛，美属萨摩亚收集的数据。 在野外和实验室项目中发现的证据有望回答有关早期石器使用的问题，这是萨摩亚文化适应的一个关键方面，始于2500多年前。 在太平洋岛屿上，石斧是砍伐树木、清理土地、塑造独木舟、建造房屋和其他木工活动的重要工具。 土土伊拉是一个非常高质量的玄武岩的来源，用于制造adzes，并从那里的adzes已被回收整个周围的群岛在中太平洋（斐济，库克，汤加和托克劳），这是史前交换网络的结果。 萨摩亚的adze采石场和制造领域的特点是大量的废料，破碎的表演，锤石，梯田，和磨石。 温特霍夫对与工具生产相关的材料类型和数量的调查为萨摩亚早期的技术、社会和政治制度提供了证据。 一般而言，由于贸易和交换反映了其他文化习俗，因此这项研究对理解人类社会做出了重大贡献。 在太平洋岛屿，研究人员已经确定了岛屿和群岛之间的联系，并指出在数百公里的公海上发生的社会互动。 然而，记录这种互动对个别岛屿的影响的努力有限。 需要关于资源分配、产品标准化、制造专业化和生产集约化等重要变量的信息。 了解如何之间和岛屿内部的变化，在这些网络中的石源影响生产和分配的adzes是必不可少的，以确定影响早期岛屿社会的社会和环境参数。 此外，岛内源和生产变化的文件提供了一个更精细的分析规模的潜力，并有助于更精确地识别长距离的相互作用。 温特霍夫研究的更广泛影响包括提供更多的考古遗址信息，供美属萨摩亚历史保护办公室使用。 这些数据将有助于ASHPO管理图图兰文化资源。 此外，这一研究项目将继续俄勒冈州大学人类学系与美属萨摩亚社区学院，特别是其萨摩亚和太平洋研究方案之间近20年的富有成效的合作。 萨摩亚文化交流中心的方案为访问学者和当地学者提供了一个论坛，并为向岛上居民传播萨摩亚传统材料、仪式和信仰提供了一个场所。 此外，将向各酋长及其社区提供关于每个调查地理区域的研究报告。 对于科学界来说，从这项研究中收集的数据将发表在以区域为重点的同行评审期刊上，在国家和国际会议上发表，也将在作者的论文中提供。 最后，本论文的研究提供了培训机会，在考古领域和实验室分析的本科助理从萨摩亚和俄勒冈州大学。

Under the supervision of Dr. William S. Ayres, Ernest Winterhoff will analyze data collected from archaeological excavations and sampling at stone tool quarry sites on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. The evidence recovered in the field and laboratory project is expected to answer questions about early stone tool use, a key aspect of Samoan cultural adaptation beginning over 2500 years ago. On Pacific Islands, stone adzes were an essential tool utilized in felling trees, clearing land, shaping canoes, constructing homes, and other woodworking activities. Tutuila was a source of remarkably high quality basalt used to manufacture adzes, and adzes from there have been recovered throughout the surrounding archipelagoes in the Central Pacific (Fiji, Cooks, Tonga, and Tokelau), a result of prehistoric exchange networks. Samoan adze quarries and manufacture areas are characterized by huge quantities of waste material, broken performs, hammerstones, terraces, and grinding stones. Winterhoff's investigation of the type and quantities of materials associated with tool production provides evidence of Samoa's early technological, social and political systems. On a general level, because trade and exchange reflect other cultural practices, this research makes significant contributions to the understanding of human societies. In the Pacific Islands, researchers have identified linkages among islands and archipelagos, noting social interaction occurring over hundreds of kilometers of open ocean. However, efforts to document the impact of such interaction on individual islands has been limited. Information is needed on important variables like resource allocation, product standardization, manufacturing specialization, and production intensification. Understanding how inter- and intra-island variation in stone sources affected production and distribution of adzes within these networks is essential to identify the social and environmental parameters affecting early island societies. In addition, the documentation of intra-island source and production variation offers the potential for a finer scale of analysis and contributes to the more precise identification of long distance interaction. The broader impacts of Winterhoff's research include providing additional archaeological site information for use by the American Samoa Historic Preservation Office (ASHPO). These data will be helpful to ASHPO in managing Tutuilan cultural resources. Further, this research project will continue nearly two decades of productive collaboration between the University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, and the American Samoa Community College, especially its Samoan and Pacific Studies Program (SAMPAC). SAMPAC's programming provides a forum for visiting and local scholars and a place to disseminate traditional Samoan materials, ceremonies, and beliefs to the island's population. In addition, a research report for each geographical area investigated will be supplied to the respective chiefs and their communities. For the scientific community, data collected from this research will be published in regionally-focused peer-reviewed journals, presented at national and international conferences and will also be available in the author's dissertation. Finally, this dissertation research provides training opportunities in archaeological field and laboratory analyses for undergraduate assistants from Samoa and from the University of Oregon.