Nearby Galaxies in X-rays: Studying their Components and Global Evolution

在提议的项目中，我们将通过提高我们对星系成分及其合成的理解来研究星系的演化。对星系演化至关重要的物理现象有，如引力、核聚变、辐射或冲击波。从宇宙学的角度来看，这些已经在第一个结构的形成中发挥了重要作用。对当前宇宙的研究将揭示宇宙演化的最新阶段。为此，我们将使用附近星系（LMC， M31和M33）和银河系中的x射线源作为观测探测器：(1)x射线双星的种群使我们了解星系的恒星含量。它们的x射线光度函数可以用来探测恒星的形成历史。(2)超新星残留物对星际介质（ISM）中的化学丰度、能量收支和动力学起着重要的作用，从而驱动着星系的化学和动力学演化。(3)热ISM的漫射x射线辐射研究将揭示其整体结构和演化。我们将分析档案和新的x射线数据，并使用无线电、红外、光学、紫外线和x射线数据进行多波长研究。提出的邻近星系的x射线种群研究将通过对x射线源产生的详细建模和具有可靠恒星形成历史约束的ISM的演化，为更好地理解星系的演化打开大门。

In the proposed project, we will study the evolution of galaxies by improving our understanding of the galactic components and their synthesis. Physical phenomena that are crucial for the evolution of galaxies are, e.g., gravitation, nuclear fusion, radiation, or shock waves. From the cosmological perspective, these already play a major role in the formation of the first structures. The study of the present universe will shed light on the latest stages of cosmic evolution. To this end, we will use the X-ray sources in nearby galaxies (LMC, M31, and M33) and in our Galaxy as observational probes: (1) The population of X-ray binaries gives us insight into the stellar content of galaxies. Their X-ray luminosity function can be used to probe star formation history. (2) Supernova remnants are responsible for the chemical abundances, the energy budget, and the dynamics in the interstellar medium (ISM), and thus drive the chemical and dynamical evolution of galaxies. (3) The study of diffuse X-ray emission from the hot ISM will reveal their global structure and evolution. We will analyze archival and new X-ray data and perform multi-wavelength studies using radio, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, and (-ray data. The proposed X-ray population study of nearby galaxies will open the door to a better understanding of the evolution of galaxies by detailed modeling of the production of X-ray sources and the evolution of the ISM with reliable star formation history constraints.