A Synthesis of Community Data and Modeling for Advancing River Basin Science: The Evolving Susquehanna River Basin Experiment

[6097991]杜菲水文观测站：萨斯奎哈纳河流域（SRB）是切萨皮克湾最大的支流。没有这种水流，河口就无法维持其非凡的多样性和水生生物的生产力。我们的水资源遗产的困境是平衡对萨斯奎哈纳淡水资源的竞争社会和环境需求。2002年，宾夕法尼亚州立大学牵头组建了一个由来自30所大学以及联邦和州机构的科学家、决策者和利益相关者组成的联盟，设计和实施萨斯克汉纳河流域水文观测系统（SRBHOS） （www.srbhos.psu.edu）。SRBHOS的启动是为了解决“人类和气候如何影响大型流域内水资源的可持续性？”大河在全球气候系统中扮演什么角色？”本研究计划将通过三个研究主题来推进SRBHOSscience议程：(1)区域地下水位的重要性评估，其作为土壤湿度的下边界条件的作用，以及地下水位状况对水文极端事件（洪水，干旱）的影响。我们建议发展地下边界层（SBL）的概念，我们将其定义为地表以下的深度，在该深度，当地大气和地面过程将影响当地地下水流向溪流。将开发一种算法，利用srbhos数字数据绘制SBL。(2)包括植被水分和能量动态的综合模型将改善流域尺度的水文预报，对于解决浅层地下水位补给和土壤水分蒸腾的相对重要性至关重要。(3)大孔隙在干湿循环过程中对流域的水文气候表现有显著影响。我们打算开发新的参数化策略来校正基于页岩山试验台的大孔隙流动区域土壤数据库。目前土壤分类只考虑“基质”性质（电导率和持水量）。最后，本研究将尝试展示建模、现有数字数据和新数据收集策略的统一如何促进我们对流域水资源的理解，并支持水文观测站的设计。知识价值：本提案将统一SRBHOS早期的科学努力，并解决如何使用物理模型和先验数据来促进科学合作的问题：(1)将帮助SRBHOS社区制定流域内水文变化的假设和潜在情景；(2)将促进新的数据驱动算法的发展，增强我们表示和预测水循环动力学的能力；(3)这将为未来天文台传感器网络的科学设计提供支持。解决这些问题将有助于SRBHOS科学家评估跨多个尺度的气候和人类反馈以及地理和生态条件。本研究开发的工具将有助于提高我们对地形、生态和地质在构成SRB的复杂环境系统中分配水和能量的作用的理解。更广泛的影响：这项拟议的研究将通过由PIs与Chesapeake研究联盟联合组织的Susquehanna数据和建模研讨会广泛传播给学术、州和联邦SRBHOS合作伙伴。本研讨会提案中所要求的资金将与其他资金来源一起利用，以最大限度地发挥我们的能力，邀请流域建模和数据系统方面的国家领导人审查本研究中开发的拟议工具，并为SRBHOS社区建模工作贡献他们的专业知识和工具。在这个项目中开发的所有软件和数据源都致力于“开源”框架，并通过切萨皮克社区建模计划共享。此外，这项研究工作将利用流域范围内的合作，如目前正在进行的Susquehanna REU，以促进本科教育，并招募目前在水文科学领域代表性不足的人口和地理多样性的学生。

0609791DuffyHydrologic Observatory: The Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) is the largest tributaryto the Chesapeake Bay. Without this flow the estuary could not sustain its extraordinarydiversity and productivity of aquatic life. The dilemma of our water-resource legacy is to balancethe competing societal and environmental needs placed on the Susquehanna's freshwaterresources. In 2002, Penn State took the leadership role in forming a consortium of scientists,policy makers, and stakeholders drawn from 30 universities as well as from federal and stateagencies to design and implement the Susquehanna River Basin Hydrologic Observing System(SRBHOS) (www.srbhos.psu.edu). SRBHOS has been initiated to address "How do humansand climate impact the sustainability of the water resources within large river basins? What roledo large rivers play in the global climate system?".Overview of Research: This proposed research plan will advance the SRBHOSscience agenda by investigating the three research themes: (1) Assessment of the significanceof the regional water table, its role as a lower boundary condition to soil moisture, and theimpact of water table status on hydrologic extremes (floods, droughts). We propose to developthe concept of a subsurface boundary layer (SBL), which we define as the depth beneath theland surface for which the local atmosphere and land-surface processes will affect the local flowof groundwater to streams. An algorithm will be developed to map the SBL using the SRBHOSdigital data. (2) Integrated models that include vegetation water and energy dynamics willimprove hydrologic forecasts at the basin-scale and are critical to resolving the relativeimportance of recharge to the shallow groundwater table and transpiration of soil moisture (3)Macropores have a significant affect on the hydroclimatic performance of watersheds duringwet and dry cycles. We intend to develop new parameterization strategies to correct theregional soils database for macropore flow based on the Shale Hills testbed. Currently soilclassification only considers "matrix" properties (conductivity and water holding capacity).Finally, this research will attempt to demonstrate how a unification of modeling, existing digitaldata, and new data collection strategies will advance our understanding of river basin waterresources and support the design of hydrologic observatories.Intellectual Merit: The present proposal will unify early SRBHOS science efforts andaddress how a physical model and a-priori data can be used to promote scientific collaborationsthat: (1) will aid the SRBHOS community in formulating hypotheses and potential scenarios forhydrologic change within the basin; (2) will promote the development of new data-drivenalgorithms that enhance our ability to represent and predict water cycle dynamics; and (3) thatwill support a scientifically-based design for the future observatory's sensor network. Addressingthese issues will aid SRBHOS scientists in assessing climate and human feedbacks acrossmultiple scales as well as physiographical and ecological conditions. The tools developed inthis research will contribute to improving our understanding of the roles of terrain, ecology, andgeology in partitioning water and energy across the complex environmental systems that makeup the SRB.Broader Impacts: This proposed research will be disseminated broadly to theacademic, state, and federal SRBHOS partners through a Susquehanna Data and ModelingSymposium, which will be organized by the PIs in conjunction with the Chesapeake ResearchConsortium. Funds requested in this proposal for the symposium will be leveraged with otherssources of funding to maximize our ability to invite national leaders in river basin modeling anddata systems to review the proposed tools developed in this research as well as contribute theirown expertise and tools to the SRBHOS community modeling effort. All software and dataresources developed in this project are dedicated to the "open source" framework and sharedthrough the Chesapeake Community Modeling Program. Additionally, this research effort willexploit basin-wide collaborations such as the currently pending Susquehanna REU to promoteundergraduate education and to recruit demographically and geographically diverse studentscurrently underrepresented in hydrologic science.