Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Yanacona of Machu Picchu: Life Histories and Population Dynamics in Late Horizon Peru

在乔治·J·阿尔梅拉戈斯博士和约翰·D·金斯顿博士的共同监督下，贝瑟尼·特纳将通过多组织稳定的同位素和骨学分析，重建秘鲁马丘比丘与社会阶层有关的生存和迁徙的生活史。马丘比丘是公元1450年至公元1570年在秘鲁中部建造和使用的印加皇家庄园，其中包括令人印象深刻的建筑、水利工程和农业梯田以及三个墓地。马丘比丘的骨骼种群由大量保存完好的两性个体组成，年龄跨度很大。特纳将从生理发育的不同时期形成的组织合成同位素和骨骼病理学数据，创建基于个人的数据，阐明生活中不同阶段的饮食、居住地和健康状况。群居前群体生活的不同地区可能导致资源的可获得性、环境应激源和生存模式的不同。然而，骨骼病理学、颅骨改变类型和相关的人工制品不能直接追踪个体的起源区域或描述他们一生中不同时间点的饮食特征，基于人群的骨骼研究可能会遗漏给定群体中个体之间的隐藏差异。此外，印加国还强制将臣民作为个人或群体在整个帝国范围内重新安置，这取决于他们被分配的社会阶层。通过综合同位素和骨骼数据，并将个体作为分析单位，特纳将创建一个复杂的分析框架，以此来评估马丘比丘的种群是一群重新安置的殖民者，还是重新安置的个体的融合。此外，这些数据将揭示马丘比丘人口中隐藏的变异，这可能有助于揭示导致该地点颅骨和牙科疾病分布不均的因素。更广泛地说，该项目将为印加时期的人口提供新的线索，这一时期的人口在现代秘鲁具有重要的象征意义。特纳的研究还将有助于对马丘比丘及其居民有更新、更丰富的了解，也有助于对印加州政府在其臣民生活中发挥作用的方式有更深入的了解。

Under the joint supervision of Dr. George J. Armelagos and Dr. John D. Kingston, Bethany Turner will reconstruct life histories of subsistence and migration related to social class at Machu Picchu, Peru, through multi-tissue stable isotopic and osteological analyses. Machu Picchu was an Inca royal estate built and used between AD 1450 and AD 1570 in central Peru, containing impressive feats of architecture, hydraulic engineering and agricultural terracing as well as three cemeteries. The Machu Picchu skeletal population consists of a large number of well-preserved individuals of both sexes and spanning a wide range of ages. Judging by the utilitarian nature of associated artifacts, the individuals at Machu Picchu were likely permanent retainers, although their backgrounds and exact social class remains unknown. Ms. Turner will synthesize isotopic and skeletal pathology data from tissues that formed during different periods of physiological development, creating individually-based data that elucidates aspects of diet, region of residence and health at different stages in life. From these data, social class, regions in which individuals may have been born and raised and variation in subsistence among the Machu Picchu population will be examined. Research focusing on individual isotopic life histories is critical in Andean research because Andean South America is characterized by a wide range of ecological and climatic diversity encompassed in a relatively small geographic area. The different regions in which Precolumbian groups lived likely resulted in differential availability of resources, environmental stressors and modes of subsistence. However, skeletal pathology, cranial modification types and associated artifacts cannot directly trace individuals to their regions of origin or characterize their diets at different points during life, and population-based skeletal studies may miss hidden variation between the individuals in a given group. Moreover, the Inca state forcibly relocated subjects as individuals or as groups throughout the empire, depending on their assigned social class. By synthesizing isotopic and skeletal data and using individuals as the unit of analysis, Ms. Turner will create a sophisticated analytical framework from which to assess whether the Machu Picchu population was a group of relocated colonists or an amalgamation of relocated individuals. Further, these data will uncover hidden variation in the Machu Picchu population that may shed light on factors that led to the uneven distribution of cranial and dental pathologies at the site.More broadly, this project will shed new light on an Inca-period population that holds substantial symbolic resonance in modern-day Peru. Using these analytical techniques of this study, Turner will add a new chapter to a population that garners international interest while receiving graduate training towards a PhD. Ms. Turner's research will also help create newer, richer understanding of not only Machu Picchu and its residents, but also the way that Inca state imperatives played out in the lives of its subjects.