Development of a Water-Balance Instrument Cluster for Mountain Hydrology, Biochemistry and Ecosystem Science

[06:1994 . 47]这项主要研究仪器（MRI）计划拨款支持开发和部署一个原型仪器集群，以便在内华达山脉南部积雪主导的水文系统中进行全面的水平衡测量。中心仪器将是一个涡流协方差塔（ECT），用于测量与大气的水和碳交换。ECT允许估算蒸散发，这是水平衡通量估算中通常约束很差的一个分量。ECT将作为仪表组的测量和通信枢纽，仪表组还将包括微气象测量网络和嵌入式传感器网络，以捕获雪深、土壤湿度、空气温度、土壤温度、相对湿度和太阳辐射的空间变异性。该集群将分布在距离ECT近几平方公里的区域内，位于红杉国家公园的Wolverton。该集群将补充现有的一系列水文仪器。目前，关于南塞拉水循环的定量资料仅由几个业务降水、积雪储存和流量测量站以及在选定的水源盆地的有限而密集的研究网络提供。蒸散发、土壤水分和地下水补给/排放未被测量，驱动该区域山地水文循环的能量平衡变量的空间特征测量不足。计划中的水文仪器群将促进对水循环的更全面和定量的了解，并对水文学、生物地球化学、生态系统科学和水资源的一系列研究产生一级影响。密集的时空和网络观测将支持先进水文模型的发展，这些模型具有进行定量水文预报的潜力，探测系统对气候和土地覆盖扰动的响应，增加对流域尺度水循环的理解，并为基础设施规划提供可防御的情景。内华达山脉是加州每年农业、工业和人类消费用水的40%的径流的来源。对该系统的动力学和水质量平衡的定量认识的提高，对水文学的基础研究和水资源管理都是有益的。该网络将提供一个水文观测站的原型，以协助设计今后为主要集水区规划的更大规模的工作。加州大学默塞德分校是加州大学系统的一个新校区，刚刚接受了来自不同群体的新生的首届班。加州大学默塞德分校被归类为少数民族服务，学生将积极参与研究，利用拟议的水文网络收集的观测数据。＊＊＊＊

0619947BalesThis Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) Program grant supports development and deployment of a prototype instrument cluster to make comprehensive water balance measurements in a snow pack dominated hydrologic system in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains. The central instruments will be an eddy-covariance tower (ECT) for measuring water and carbon exchange with the atmosphere. The ECT allows for estimation of evapotranspiration, a generally very poorly constrained component in water balance flux estimates. The ECT will serve as the measurement and communications hub of the instrument cluster which will also include a network of micrometeorological measurements and an embedded sensor network to capture the spatial variability of snow depth, soil moisture, air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The cluster will be distributed in an few square kilometer area proximal to the ECT and located at Wolverton, in Sequoia National Park. The cluster will complement an existing array of hydrologic instrumentation. Quantitative information on the Southern Sierra water cycle is currently provided by only a few operational precipitation, snowpack-storage and stream-gauging stations, and by limited, intensive research networks in selected headwater basins. Evapotranspiration, soil moisture and groundwater recharge/discharge are not measured and the spatial properties of energy-balance variables driving the mountain hydrologic cycle are poorly measured across the region. The planned hydrologic instrument cluster will facilitate a more comprehensive and quantitative understanding of the water cycle and has first order impact for a range of research in hydrology, biogeochemistry, ecosystem science, and water resources. Dense spatial and temporal and network observations will support the development of advanced hydrologic models with the potential to make quantitative hydrologic forecasts, probe system response to climate and land-cover perturbations, increase understanding of basin-scale water cycles and provide defensible scenarios for infrastructure planning. The Sierra Nevada mountains are the source of 40% of the water runoff that supplies the state of California's annual needs for agriculture, industry and human consumption. An improved quantitative understanding of the dynamics and water mass balance for this system is useful for fundamental research in hydrology as well for water resources management. The network will provide a prototype hydrologic observatory that will assist in the design of future larger scale efforts planned for major catchments. UC-Merced is a new campus of the UC system that has just accepted an inaugural class of a diverse body of freshman students. UC-Merced is classified as minority serving and students would be actively engaged in research that would make use of observational data collected with the proposed hydrologic network. ****