Collaborative Research: Prediction of Medusan Predatory Roles Based on Quantitative Studies of Animal-Fluid Interactions

几项研究发现，水母捕食在各种海洋浮游生物群落中起主导作用，但控制水母猎物选择和摄食率的变量仍然存在争议。缺乏共识的一个可能原因是，人们对水母的捕食行为没有很强的机械论理解，水母科不是一个单一的统一类型，而是一个不同的捕食者系统发育、形态和功能阵列，在构建现实的捕食者模型之前，必须了解它们的机械差异。这项研究将检验这样一种假设，即功能选择的多样性受限于水母动力的两个主要机械解决方案：喷气和划船推进。研究人员认为，这些推进类型是理解捕食模式的关键，因为推进模式与觅食模式直接相关。然而，这是一个重大挑战，因为只有喷气推进在水母中被定量描述。相比之下，所有有记录的水母限制浮游站立种群的例子都涉及划船推动的巡航水母，它们在游泳时靠猎物的液体夹带进食。研究人员认为，量化流体与水母猎物捕获面的相互作用是构建预测水母猎物选择和摄食率的现实模型的必要前提。该项目的第一个目标是定量描述赛艇和喷气推进的水动力特性。这将涉及使用自由游泳动物的DPIV测量和新开发的分析和解释这些定量流动可视化的方法，对主要水母系的代表成员进行跨学科比较研究。根据这些结果，研究人员将推导出适用于主要水母系的适当的流体力学模型。第二个主要目标是定量描述流体流动和最具生态影响的美杜桑血统--划船推动的巡航觅食者--捕获面之间的相互作用。这一类的成员包括在游泳钟周围水流的上游(例如：水母亚科、冠亚科)或下游(如：细小水母亚科、半突水母亚科、根口亚科)捕获猎物的各种谱系。这项研究将详细说明流过捕获面的流体流量，并将作为基于流体动力学的水母捕食清除速率估计的基础。拟议活动的智力价值：水母捕食影响所有浮游类群，发展基于流体动力学的水母捕食理解将潜在地广泛应用于其他浮游类群的研究。此外，这些信息将为动物游泳和综合海洋动物行为领域提供新的概念性见解。从这个角度来看，这项研究直接涉及了解影响生物多样性的因素及其在海洋系统中的生态后果的问题，这是美国国家科学基金会生物海洋学部门强调的一个具体主题。此外，阐明海洋运动的设计原则可以补充现有的以鱼游泳为灵感的水下机器人设计研究。拟议活动的广泛影响：学生，主要是本科生，将参与拟议研究的各个方面，调查人员将参与旨在将这些培训和指导机会引导到代表性不足的本科生的项目。参与这次合作的两名主要研究人员主要来自本科生机构，一名主要来自研究生机构。加州理工学院将通过旨在为来自全国其他校区的少数族裔学生提供研究机会的既定项目，鼓励未被充分代表的本科生参加。这位加州理工学院的调查员还将继续担任加州理工大学新生暑期学院(FSI)研究项目的协调员。这项为期四周的年度计划是在2001年发起的，目的是应对参加校园研究活动的代表不足群体的学生人数极少的情况。此外，他们还将利用与公众教育相关的媒体的联系，传达我们对水母山形态和功能的新发现。最后，将开发一个在线教程，向其他研究水生生物力学和海洋生态学各种主题的研究小组传播新的实验性DPIV方法。

Several studies have found that medusan predation plays a dominant role in a variety of marine planktonic communities, but the variables controlling medusan prey selection and ingestion rates remain contentious. A possible reason for this lack of consensus is that there is not a strong mechanistic understanding of medusan predation and, rather than a single uniform type, medusae are a diverse phylogenetic, morphological and functional array of predators whose mechanical differences must be understood before realistic predator models can be constructed. This study will examine the hypothesis that the diversity of functional alternatives are constrained to two major mechanical solutions for medusan motility: jetting and rowing propulsion. The investigators argue that these propulsion types are the key to understanding predation patterns because propulsive mode is directly related to foraging mode. However, this presents a major challenge because only jet propulsion has been quantitatively described in medusae. In contrast, all of the documented examples of planktonic standing stock limitation by medusae involve rowing-propelled, cruising medusae that feed by fluid entrainment of prey during swimming. The investigators contend that quantification of fluid interactions with medusan prey capture surfaces is a necessary prerequisite to the construction of realistic models predicting medusan prey selection and ingestion rates. The first goal of the project is to quantitatively delineate hydrodynamic characteristics of rowing and jetting propulsion. This will involve an interdisciplinary comparative study of representative members of major medusan lineages using DPIV measurements of free-swimming animals and newly developed methods for the analysis and interpretation of these quantitative flow visualizations. From these results, the investigators will deduce appropriate hydrodynamic models for application to major medusan lineages. The second major goal is to quantitatively describe the interactions between fluid flows and capture surfaces of the most ecologically influential medusan lineages - the rowing-propelled, cruising foragers. Members of this group include various lineages that capture prey in either the upstream (e.g. Narcomedusae, Coronatae) or downstream (e.g. Leptomedusae, Semastomeae, Rhizostomeae) components of flow around the swimming bell. This research will detail the fluid flow rates past capture surfaces and will serve as the basis for hydrodynamically-based clearance rate estimates of medusan predation.Intellectual Merit of the Proposed Activity: Medusan predation affects all planktonic groups, and development of a hydrodynamically based understanding of medusan predation will have potentially wide application to studies of other planktonic taxa. Additionally, this information will contribute novel conceptual insights to the fields of animal swimming and integrated marine animal behavior. From this perspective, this study directly addresses the issue of understanding factors influencing biological diversity and its ecological consequences in marine systems, a specific theme emphasized by NSF's Biological Oceanography division. Furthermore, the elucidation of governing design principles in marine locomotion can complement existing studies of underwater vehicle design inspired by fish swimming.Broader impacts of the Proposed Activity: Students, primarily undergraduates, will participate in every aspect of the proposed research and the investigators will participate in programs designed to direct these opportunities for training and mentorship toward underrepresented undergraduate students. Two of the principal investigators participating in this collaboration are from primarily undergraduate institutions and one is from a primarily graduate institution. The participation of underrepresented undergraduate students will be encouraged through established programs at Caltech aimed at providing research opportunities to minority students from other campuses across the country. The Caltech investigator will also continue in his role as Coordinator of the Freshmen Summer Institute (FSI) Research Program at Caltech. This annual, four-week program was initiated in 2001 in response to the disproportionately low number of students from underrepresented groups participating in research activities on campus. In addition, they will use their contacts with media involved in education of the general public to communicate our new findings about medusan form and function. Finally, an online tutorial will be developed to disseminate the new experimental DPIV methods to other research groups investigating various topics in aquatic biomechanics and marine ecology.