Imperial Marginality and Frontier: Kallawayas and Chunchos in the Eastern Inka Borders

帝国边疆作为文化接触的纽带，是多方面社会经济过程的焦点，方向和强度各不相同。在国家科学基金会的资助下，索尼娅·阿尔科尼尼博士和美国和玻利维亚的研究人员将在喀提卡卡盆地东北部的查拉扎尼地区(今天玻利维亚拉巴斯北部的一部分)进行研究。这一地区位于安第斯山脉和亚马逊的交汇处，是东部印加帝国边疆的一部分，面对着东部的热带居民。作为前哥伦布时代世界上最大的帝国，印加包含了不同的种族和环境(公元1470-1532)。然而，很少有研究涉及印加边疆的动态，它对跨越边界的当地人口的影响，或者与其他古代帝国边疆的相似之处。因此，拟议的项目将提供一个比较案例，以了解东南部印加帝国边界的配置，边境对当地居民的社会经济影响，以及当地对这种情况的反应。更具体地说，研究目标是解决(1)研究区域内印加帝国扩张的限度，(2)当地聚落模式的变化，(3)印加设施的功能，以及(4)通过土地利用战略改变当地政治经济。为了解决这些问题，本研究旨在进行区域范围的步行调查，系统地收集文化遗迹的表面，绘制保存下来的建筑地图，并选择测试坑挖掘。这些信息，结合民族史研究，将阐明印加前后聚落模式和当地政治经济的变化，从而阐明印加帝国在查拉扎尼边境地区的影响。这个项目的学术价值在于增加了对古代边疆的了解，并提供了一个案例研究，以测试关于帝国边疆形成的竞争模型。目前的贡献包括为查拉扎尼地区制定一个迄今未知的基于地层的陶瓷序列；重建该地区的文化动态，并记录印加人和当地建筑的空间分布。该项目的影响将是巨大的。通过与玻利维亚研究、政府和教育机构的伙伴关系和长期关系，这项调查将为一个多学科和多国项目奠定基础。此外，它还将为来自美国和玻利维亚的考古学本科生和研究生提供个人研究的基础。研究成果将通过在美国和拉丁美洲举行的电子媒体、会议和研讨会，包括英文和西班牙文出版物，在专业和更广泛的受众中传播。

Imperial frontiers, as the nexus of cultural contact, were the foci of multifaceted socioeconomic processes varying in direction and intensity. Funded by the National Science Foundation, Dr. Sonia Alconini and U.S. and Bolivian investigators will conduct research in the region of Charazani (part of what is today northern La Paz, Bolivia), located to the Northeast of the Titicaca basin. This region, in the intersection of Andes and Amazon, was part of the eastern Inka imperial frontier facing eastern tropical populations. As the largest empires in the pre-Columbian world, the Inka encompassed a variety of ethnicities and environments (A.D. 1470-1532). Yet, few studies addressed the dynamics of the Inka frontier, its effects on local populations across the borders, or the similarities with other ancient imperial frontiers elsewhere. Therefore, the proposed project will provide a comparative case to understand the configuration the Southeastern Inka imperial border, the frontier socioeconomic effects on local populations, and the local reactions to such situations. More specifically, the research goals are to address (1) the limits of the Inka imperial expansion in the study region, (2) the changes in the local settlement patterns, (3) the functions of the Inka installations, and (4) the shifts in the local political economy through land use strategies. In order to address such questions, this research is designed to conduct a regional-scale pedestrian survey, systematic surface collections of cultural remains, mapping of preserved architecture, and selected test pit excavations. This information, combined with ethnohistorical research, will elucidate the changes in the settlement patterns and local political economy before and after the Inka, and therefore, the effects of the Inka empire in the Charazani frontier region. The intellectual merit of this project is to increase knowledge on ancient frontiers, and to provide a case study to test competing models on imperial frontier formations. Immediate contributions include formulation of a stratigraphically-based ceramic sequence for the Charazani region so far unknown; reconstruction of the regional cultural dynamics, and documentation of the spatial distribution of Inka and local architecture. The impact of the project will be significant. Through partnership and long-standing relations with research, government and educational institutions in Bolivia, this investigation will create the basis for a multidisciplinary and multinational project. In addition, it will provide the basis for individual research for undergraduate and graduate archaeology students both from the U.S. and Bolivia. The research results will be disseminated among specialized and broader audiences through electronic media, conferences and seminars held both in the U.S. and Latin America, including publications in English and Spanish.