Cultural Construction of Honor in Turkey and the U.S.

本研究聚焦于土耳其和美国这两个国家荣誉的构建及其后果。荣誉被定义为积极的道德地位和自豪感，与自己的价值观和他人的尊重有关。美国的研究将荣誉文化规范与侵略和暴力联系在一起。然而，关于荣誉如何影响非西方传统荣誉社会的行为，以及它是否与积极的结果相关，人们知之甚少。这项研究提出了6项研究，这些研究结合在一起，将促进美国和伊斯兰国家土耳其对荣誉及其后果的现有认识。这项研究首先确定了土耳其和美国对荣誉的定义，以及增强或威胁个人荣誉的情况。研究人员假设，与个人主义和集体主义有关的反应存在跨文化差异。这项研究将在现有关于文化和自我的文献的基础上，通过调查文化上特定的自我观点(作为个人、作为关系的一部分或作为群体的一员)与文化荣誉形式之间的关联，来促进和促进现有的文献。最重要的是，这套研究允许考察文化塑造与荣誉相关的反应的自我相关过程。此外，这项研究还考察了对个人、特定关系和面向群体的荣誉形式受到威胁时的反应的文化差异。理解荣誉是如何植根于密切的关系和更大群体中的成员身份，将有助于揭示：西方对穆斯林的现有刻板印象，这些群体的跨文化适应，中东与荣誉相关的暴力行为的原因，以及西方和东方之间文化冲突的一些因素。通过解决这些目标，本研究将拓展文化心理学的领域，超越其主要关注东亚的范围，它将拓宽现有关于荣誉在社会行为中的作用的文献，并将有助于关于文化建构的自我的文献。

This research focuses on the construct of honor and its consequences in two countries: Turkey and the United States. Honor is defined as positive moral standing and pride that is related to one's own perception of worth and to other people's respect. Research in the U.S. has linked culture-of-honor norms with aggression and violence. However, very little is known about how honor influences behavior in non-Western, traditional honor-based societies and whether it can be associated with positive outcomes. There are 6 studies proposed in this research which when taken together will advance current knowledge about honor and its consequences in the U.S. as well as the Islamic country of Turkey. The research begins with the identification of Turkish and American definitions of honor and the situations that enhance or threaten one's honor. The researchers hypothesize cross-cultural variation in responses that are associated with individualism and collectivism. This research will build on and contribute to the existing literature on culture and the self by investigating the association between culturally specific views of the self (as an individual, as a part of relationships, or as a member of groups) and cultural forms of honor. Most importantly, this set of studies permits examination of the self-related processes by which culture shapes honor-related responses. In addition this research, examines cultural variation in responses to threats to individual, relationship-specific, and group-oriented forms of honor. Understanding how honor is rooted in close relationships and memberships in larger groups will shed light on: existing stereotypes of Muslims in the West, cross-cultural adjustment of these groups, reasons for honor-related violence in the Middle-East, and some of the elements of culture clash between the West and the East. By addressing these aims, this research will expand the field of cultural psychology beyond its primary focus on East Asia, it will broaden the existing literature on the role of honor in social behavior, and it will contribute to the literature on the culturally constructed self.