Doctoral Dissertation Research: Antarctica and the Politics of Scientific Exploration in Scandinavia and the British Empire, 1895-1952

这将是第一个绘制和解释跨越历史和地理界限界定科学探索的不同方式的研究。它将涉及英国、挪威、瑞典和澳大利亚的档案研究。鉴于历史上的共识，这一时期的几乎每一次探险都宣称自己是“科学的”，值得注意的是，迄今为止没有研究问过为什么这个词应该如此普遍，或者为什么它明显的修辞权威应该被注意而不被解释。知识价值。这项研究将解释为什么“科学”活动被不同地定性为与体育、商业、帝国主义或民族主义相对立；而在其他时候，采取行动使与其中一个或多个类别产生共鸣的活动合法化。20世纪的南极探险是在公众的密切监督下进行的，吸引了大量的媒体报道，并为科学和地理机构提供了一个提高社会形象的机会：无视“科学”探索的自我展示，仅仅是修辞，就是忽视了获得这种权威的政治重要性。罗伯茨将对这四个国家的档案研究进行补充，并对这些探险的媒体报道进行全面调查。后者将被视为历史证据，而不是短暂的“色彩”，以揭示科学探索修辞结构背后的政治过程。罗伯茨之前在澳大利亚的相关档案中进行过研究。他精通所有相关语言。该项目建立在Roberts之前（2004年，2006年）关于南极探险的工作和Proctor早期（1991年）关于20世纪早期价值自由科学的修辞结构的工作的基础上。更广泛的影响。今天，科学作为人类在南极活动的主要理由占据着特殊地位。在石油钻探和商业捕鲸重新回到国际议程的时候，至关重要的是要了解科学是如何取得这一地位的，以及有效科学活动的定义是如何随着时间和空间的变化而变化的。今天，日本的“科学捕鲸”计划从一个角度来看是可以接受的科学实践，从另一个角度来看是资源开发的幌子。虽然采用历史方法，但该项目的设计与当今的活动相关。认识到关于“科学”活动合法性的辩论有其历史，并且它们与政治（至少在修辞层面）交织在一起，对于有效的决策至关重要。这种情况特别适用于南极，但也适用于其他领域，例如空间探索和深海海洋学。该项目将对科学家与为他们的工作提供支持和认可的社区之间的关系以及通过科学成就作为政治权力象征的科学考察的持久价值产生一般性见解。该项目的研究结果将在英国和斯堪的纳维亚世界的学术会议上发表，并通过学术出版物和演讲向英国、瑞典和澳大利亚的广大公众发表。某些发现，特别是那些与捕鲸业和早期全球变暖研究有关的发现，将对正在进行的公众辩论具有特别重要的意义。

This will be the first study to chart and explain the diverse ways scientific exploration was defined across historical and geographical boundaries. It will involve archival research in Britain, Norway, Sweden, and Australia. Given the historical consensus that practically every expedition during this period proclaimed itself to be 'scientific', it is remarkable that no study to date has asked why this term should be so ubiquitous, or why its obvious rhetorical authority should be noted without being explained.Intellectual Merit. This study will explain why 'scientific' activity was variously characterized as antithetical to sport, commerce, imperialism, or nationalism; while at other times acting to legitimize activities that resonated with one or more of those categories. Antarctic exploration in the twentieth century took place under intense public scrutiny, attracting significant media coverage and affording an opportunity for scientific and geographical institutions to raise their social profile: to disregard the self-presentation of 'scientific' exploration as mere rhetoric is to ignore the political importance of securing that authority. Roberts will complement archival research in all four nations with a thorough survey of media coverage of these expeditions. The latter will be treated as historical evidence rather than ephemeral 'color', to reveal the political processes behind the rhetorical construction of scientific exploration. Roberts has conducted previous research in the relevant Australian archives. He is competent in all relevant languages. The project builds on Roberts's previous (2004, 2006) work on Antarctic exploration and Proctor's earlier (1991) work on the rhetorical construction of value-free science in the early twentieth century. Broader Impacts. Science occupies a privileged position today as the dominant justification for human activity in the Antarctic. At a time when oil drilling and commercial whaling are returning to the international agenda, it is critical to understand how science achieved this status, and how the definitions of valid scientific activity have shifted through time and across space. Today, the Japanese 'scientific whaling' program constitutes an acceptable scientific practice from one perspective and a front for resource exploitation from others. Though historical in approach, the project is designed to have relevance for present-day activities. Recognizing that debates over the legitimacy of 'scientific' activities have a history, and that they are intertwined with politics (at least at the rhetorical level), is crucial to effective policy-making. This extends applies particularly to the Antarctic, but also to other arenas such as space exploration and deep-sea oceanography. The project will produce general insights on the relationship between scientists and the communities that lend support and validation to their work and the enduring value of scientific expeditions as emblems of political power through scientific achievement. Findings from the project will be presented in academic conferences in both the British and Scandinavian world, as well as through scholarly publications and presentations aimed at a wider public audience in Britain, Sweden, and Australia. Certain findings - especially those relate to the whaling industry and early global warming research - will have particular significance for ongoing public debates.