Collaborative Research: Processes, Feedbacks and Air-Sea Carbon Dioxide Exchange in the Land-Coastal Ocean System

沿海浅海约占现代全球表层海洋面积的8%，占陆地面积的19%，是一个对全球碳循环和海-气二氧化碳交换行使鲜为人知的控制的领域，这些控制对自上次冰川盛期以来和未来的气候变化具有毋庸置疑的重要性。目前，海洋生物生产总量的10%~30%发生在沿海海洋，近80%的陆源物质进入海洋沉积在那里，海洋中高达50%的总碳酸钙和80%的总有机碳积累在该地区。在近200年前的前工业时代末期，从陆地进口的就地产生的有机碳的生物钙化和再矿化可能占到从表层海洋向大气排放的30%至50%。从大冰川以来的千年到百年的时间尺度，从现在到人类世的未来两个世纪，近18,000年的时间尺度上，沿海海洋由于其相对较小的面积，特别容易受到邻近较大的大气、陆地、开阔海洋和沉积物水库环境变化的影响。出于同样的原因，它迅速传递和调节过去和不久的将来的外部和内部压力。在这个项目中，夏威夷大学马诺阿分校和西北大学的研究人员将探讨四个重要但尚未得到很好理解的问题，即沿海海洋在全球碳循环中的作用，以及从末次盛冰期到前工业时代结束和未来两个世纪的工业时代的一段时间内的海气二氧化碳交换。沿海海洋的作用是全球性的，因此研究的重点是获得全球或世界平均水平的答案。这些将由投资者开发的模型分析来处理吗？动态过程模型已经成功地应用于工业时代和未来两三个世纪的较短时间段。模特们成功了吗？自己申请的结果与别人的一致吗？对工业过去和未来的估计。模式分析将对与二氧化碳转移相互作用的主要过程作出估计：从陆地上移走碳和其他营养物质，受海水化学和表层水酸化影响的有机碳和无机碳的沉积储存，陆地和沿海地区的生物生产，二氧化碳和温度在矿物风化中的作用，以及沿海海洋的二氧化碳气海交换。这一建议的更广泛影响是，它与社会问题和政策决策有关，涉及了解全球变化的生物地球化学基本原理，特别是了解过去和未来受人类严重影响的沿海海洋在全球碳循环中的作用。其他影响包括本科生和研究生教育，以及通过网站传播信息，使社区能够获得模型和结果，并在专业会议上介绍情况。最后，沿海海洋领域在过去和未来的行为对于分析地球系统正在经历自然和人类引起的环境变化至关重要。

The shallow coastal ocean, representing approximately 8% of the modern global surface ocean area and 19% of the land area, is a domain that exercises poorly understood controls of the global carbon cycle and the air-sea CO2 exchange that are of unquestionable importance to climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and into the future. At present, 10 to 30% of total oceanic biological production occurs in the coastal ocean, near 80% of the terrigenous material mass reaching the ocean is deposited there, and as much as 50% of total calcium carbonate and 80% of total organic carbon accumulation in the ocean occur in this region. At the end of pre-industrial time, nearly 200 years ago, biological calcification and remineralization of organic carbon produced in situ and imported from land might have been responsible for 30% to 50% of the CO2 emission from the surface ocean to the atmosphere. At the millennial to centurial time scale since the LGM near 18,000 years before present and into the next two centuries of the Anthropocene, the coastal ocean, because of its relatively small size, is particularly susceptible to environmental changes in its bigger neighboring reservoirs of atmosphere, land, open ocean, and sediments. For the same reason, it transmits and modulates rapidly the external and internal forcings of the past and the near future. In this project, researchers at the University of Hawaii - Manoa and Northwestern University will address four important, but not well understood, issues of the role of the coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle and air-sea CO2 exchange in the time period since near the LGM to the end of pre-industrial time and into the future two centuries of the Industrial Age. The role of the coastal ocean is a global role and the research accordingly focuses on obtaining global or world-average answers. These will be handled by model analysis developed from the investogators? dynamic process models that have been successfully applied to the shorter time periods of the Industrial Age and the future two to three centuries. Success of the models? application is in their agreement with the results of others? estimates for the industrial past and future. The model analysis will produce estimates of the major processes that interact with the CO2 transfer: the removal of carbon and other nutrients from land, sedimentary storage of organic and inorganic carbon as affected by seawater chemistry and surface water acidification, biological production on land and in the coastal zone, the CO2 and temperature role in mineral weathering, and the CO2 air-sea exchange of the coastal ocean. The broader impacts of this proposal are its relevance to the societal issues and policy decisions involved in the understanding of the biogeochemical fundamentals of global change and, particularly, of the role of the heavily human-impacted coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle in the past and on into the future. Additional impacts involve undergraduate and graduate education, and dissemination of information by means of a web site allowing the community access to the models and results, and presentations at professional meetings. Finally, the behavior of the coastal ocean domain in the past and future is critical to any analysis of the Earth system undergoing both natural and human-induced environmental change.