Collaborative Research: Holocaust Historical GIS

大屠杀是一个深刻的地理事件，造成大规模流离失所和移徙，摧毁或从根本上改变了数千个社区，并为人口集中创造了数百个新的地方，剥削劳动力，大规模杀害数百万人。然而，它的空间特征和时间动态几乎没有作为明确的地理现象进行研究。学者们也没有批判性地考虑到构成大屠杀的事件所处的复杂多样的空间尺度，从个体到欧洲大陆。通过与美国大屠杀纪念博物馆（USHMM）建立伙伴关系并访问其非常详细的数据集，研究小组将建立一套地理信息系统应用程序和地理可视化，以开展四个重叠和相互关联的案例研究：(1)集中营空间系统的演变；(2)从法国和意大利运送受害者的比较研究；(3)对二战结束时从集中营强制撤离或死亡行军的局部研究；(4)对布达佩斯贫民窟的详细研究。之所以选择这些案例，是因为它们适合GIScience在各种尺度上进行建模和分析，也因为它们代表了大屠杀受害者的一系列空间经历（贫民窟化、运输、集中营系统中的监禁）。该项目将是第一次系统地审查大屠杀的地理位置。以前关于大屠杀的历史研究主要集中在纳粹政策、个别集中营、特定暴行或某些社区、群体或国家的历史上。该项目将对大屠杀作为一个多层次、多尺度的事件进行概括性分析，并采用地理信息科学（GIScience）方法进行分析。对于GIScience来说，历史源数据带来的挑战使该项目成为推进元数据和源解释新方法的重要机会。我们的研究方法也将为其他从事历史GIS研究的学者提供模型。很少有研究将历史地理信息系统（HGIS）超越基础设施发展的重要但概念有限的阶段，以解决实质性的研究问题。甚至更少的HGIS项目考察了具有重大社会意义的历史事件或条件。这个项目做到了这两点。该项目的成果将通过以下方式进行传播：专业会议报告、在美国海军陆战队向公众开放的最后一次研讨会、同行评议的期刊文章、由两位pi共同编辑并得到项目所有参与者贡献的书籍，以及将在美国海军陆战队建立和主持的关于大屠杀地理的互动网站。最后，数据和地理信息系统应用程序将被存放在美国海军陆战队档案馆和幸存者登记处，以便长期保存和传播。

The Holocaust was a profoundly geographical event that caused mass displacement and migration, destroyed or fundamentally changed thousands of communities, and created hundreds of new places for the concentration of population, the exploitation of labor, and the mass murder of millions of people. Yet its spatial characteristics and temporal dynamics have scarcely been studied as explicitly geographical phenomena. Nor have scholars critically considered the complex and varied range of spatial scales at which the events constituting the Holocaust took place, from the individual body to the continental expanse of Europe. Through a partnership with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and access to its exceptionally detailed datasets, the research team will build a set of GIS applications and geovisualizations to carry out four overlapping and interlinked case studies on (1) the evolution of the spatial system of concentration camps; (2) a comparative study of victim transports from France and Italy; (3) a localized study of forced evacuations or death marches from concentration camps at the end of WWII; and (4) a detailed study of the Budapest ghetto. These cases have been chosen for their suitability for GIScience modeling and analysis at a variety of scales and because they represent the range of spatial experiences of Holocaust victims (ghettoization, transportation, incarceration in the concentration camp system).This project will be the first systematic examination of the geographies of the Holocaust. Previous historical scholarship on the Holocaust has focused on Nazi policy, individual camps, particular atrocities, or the history of certain communities, groups, or nations. This project will take a synoptic view of the Holocaust as a multi-layered, multi-scaled event and analyze it by employing geographic information science (GIScience methodologies. For GIScience, the challenges posed by historical source data make this project a significant opportunity to advance new approaches to metadata and source interpretation. Our research methods will provide models for other scholars working in historical GIS as well. Few studies have moved historical GIS (HGIS) beyond the important but conceptually limited stage of infrastructure development to grapple with substantive research questions. Even fewer HGIS projects have examined historical events or conditions of major social significance. This project does both.The results of this project will be disseminated through professional conference presentations, a final workshop at the USHMM open to the general public, peer-reviewed journal articles, a book co-edited by the two PIs with contributions from all the project's participants, and an interactive website on the Geographies of the Holocaust to be built and hosted at the USHMM. Finally, data and GIS applications will be deposited at the USHMM Archives and the Registry of Survivors for long-term preservation and dissemination.