SGER: Understanding Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Community Response to Natural Disaster

虽然自然灾害的规模可能很大，但在灾难发生之前、期间和之后，社区的反应也可能很重要。社区响应包括自上而下和自下而上的活动，既包括民选或任命的社区领导协调的活动，也包括社区居民自发组织保护当地环境的努力。这项探索性研究的小额赠款将检查社区对爱荷华州爱荷华市2008年6月爱荷华河洪水的反应动态，这场洪水的水位超过了6月中旬爱荷华河水位22英尺（6.7米）和20英尺（6.1米）以上。(洪峰流量超过40000立方英尺每秒（1130立方米每秒）。是同期流量中位数的十倍以上。)调查人员将收集对时间敏感的数据，这些数据将为社区对重大自然灾害的反应建模提供基础。他们将首先集中收集有关社区对洪水的物理反应的数据，例如在哪里，到什么高度，何时进行了沙袋作业。他们还将开始收集数据，通过进行采访来确定为什么沙袋被部署到特定地点，以及什么影响了重新分配资源的决定，从而了解采取了哪些策略来保护当地建筑物。这些访谈将与爱荷华市的城市管理人员和爱荷华大学的设施管理人员进行，以收集与他们试图拯救财产和减少损害和破坏相关的行动顺序的详细信息。这些数据将用于比较实际反应的时空特征与既定目标，以便了解随着灾难的展开，目标是如何变化的。这些数据将被用作开发空间显式模拟模型的输入，该模型将物理洪水特征与自上而下和自组织社区响应的时空特征相结合。该项目将加强对社区应对洪水等自然灾害方式的基本了解，其结果可推广到其他地区和其他类型的灾害。该项目对于帮助比较实际反应的时空特征与规定的目标，以便了解在持续的灾难期间目标是如何变化的，将特别有价值。该项目将为许多学生提供宝贵的教育和培训机会，并将帮助城市和大学管理人员评估2008年6月洪水期间发生的情况，从而使他们能够更有效地准备和应对未来的紧急情况。

While the magnitude of natural disasters can be great, community responses before, during, and after calamitous events can also be significant. Community response includes both top-down and bottom-up activities, including activities coordinated by elected or appointed community leaders and the efforts of neighborhood residents to self-organize to protect the local environment. This Small Grant for Exploratory Research will examine the dynamics of community response to the June 2008 flood of the Iowa River in Iowa City, Iowa, a flood that crested at a level more than 9 feet (2.7 meters) above the river's flood level of 22 feet (6.7 meters) and 20 feet (6.1 m) above the river's median gage height for mid-June. (The peak flood flow rate of more than 40,000 cubic feet per second (1,130 cubic meters per second). was more than ten times the median flow rate for the same time period.) The investigators will collect time-sensitive data that will provide a foundation for modeling community response to a significant natural disaster. They will focus first on collecting data regarding the community's physical response to the flood, such as where, to what height, and when did sandbagging operations occur). They also will start to collect data about what strategies were followed to protect local buildings by conducting interviews to ascertain why sandbags were deployed to particular locations and what influenced decisions to reallocate resources. These interviews will be conducted with City of Iowa City administrators and University of Iowa facilities management staff to gather details about the sequence of actions associated with their attempts to save property and reduce damage and disruption. These data will be used to compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of the actual response with stated objectives in order to understand how objectives shifted during as the disaster unfolded. These data will be the used as input the development of spatially explicit simulation models that integrate physical flood characteristics with the spatiotemporal characteristics of top-down and self-organized community responses.This project will enhance basic understanding about the ways that communities respond to natural disasters like floods, with results that can be generalized to other locations as well as other types of disasters. The project will be especially valuable for helping to compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of the actual response with stated objectives in order to understand how objectives shifted during an ongoing disaster. The project will provide valuable education and training opportunities for a number of students, and it will help city and university administrators evaluate what transpired during the June 2008 flood, thereby enabling them to be more effective in preparing for and responding to future emergencies.