Research in High Energy Physics on the CMS Experiment

CMS代表紧凑型μ子螺线管：紧凑型是因为它的巨大重量而“小”，μ子是它检测到的一种粒子，螺线管是它巨大超导磁体内的线圈。这是一项位于法国塞斯的高能物理实验，是欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机（LHC）的一部分。CMS旨在观察大型强子对撞机高能碰撞中产生的各种粒子和现象。就像一个圆柱形的洋葱，不同的探测器层停止并测量不同的粒子，并使用这些关键数据来构建碰撞中心事件的图像。然后，科学家们利用这些数据来寻找新的现象，这些现象将有助于回答以下问题：宇宙到底是由什么组成的？宇宙中有什么力量在起作用？是什么赋予了一切物质？CMS还将以前所未有的精度测量先前发现的粒子的特性，并寻找全新的、不可预测的现象。这种搜寻是由探测器完成的，探测器由材料层组成，利用粒子的不同特性来捕捉和测量每个粒子的能量和动量。CMS的设计是为了获得最好的科学结果，因此寻找最有效的方法来寻找新的物理理论的证据。这就对设计提出了一定的要求。所需CMS: 1；一种高性能的μ子检测和测量系统，2。2 .一种探测和测量电子和光子的高分辨率方法（电磁量热计）；一个高质量的中央跟踪系统，以提供准确的动量测量；一个“密封”强子量热计，设计用于完全包围碰撞并防止粒子逃逸。CMS实验长21米，宽15米，高15米，位于一个可以容纳日内瓦所有居民的洞穴中；虽然不舒服。探测器就像一个巨大的过滤器，每一层都被设计用来阻止、跟踪或测量质子与质子和重离子碰撞产生的不同类型的粒子。发现一个粒子的能量和动量为它的身份提供了线索，粒子的特定模式，或“特征”，是新的和令人兴奋的物理学的迹象。这个项目是针对上述需求#2的。该小组将参与CMS的前向像素检测器子系统。小组工作的重点将是前向像素探测器的调试，在远程操作中心（ROC）建立稳定的数据采集模式，并随着升级细节的最终确定，将其几何结构开发到CMS跟踪软件框架中，并使用重建的轨迹执行其软件校准。教育推广计划将成为这些研究工作的一个非常重要的组成部分。它将涉及来自多个学科的本科生、工程师、科学教师和高中生，参与这项前沿技术的研究。

CMS stands for Compact Muon Solenoid: compact because it is "small" for its enormous weight, muon for one of the particles it detects, and solenoid for the coil inside its huge superconducting magnet. It is a high-energy physics experiment in Cessy, France, part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. CMS is designed to see a wide range of particles and phenomena produced in high-energy collisions in the LHC. Like a cylindrical onion, different layers of detector stop and measure the different particles, and use this key data to build up a picture of events at the heart of the collision. Scientists then use this data to search for new phenomena that will help to answer questions such as: What is the Universe really made of and what forces act within it? And what gives everything substance? CMS will also measure the properties of previously discovered particles with unprecedented precision, and be on the lookout for completely new, unpredicted phenomena. This search is carried out by detectors that consist of layers of material that exploit the different properties of particles to catch and measure the energy and momentum of each one. CMS was designed around getting the best possible scientific results, and therefore to look for the most efficient ways of finding evidence for new physical theories. This put certain requirements on the design. CMS needed: 1. a high performance system to detect and measure muons, 2. a high resolution method to detect and measure electrons and photons (an electromagnetic calorimeter), 3. a high quality central tracking system to give accurate momentum measurements, and 4. a "hermetic" hadron calorimeter", designed to entirely surround the collision and prevent particles from escaping. The CMS experiment is 21 m long, 15 m wide and 15 m high, and sits in a cavern that could contain all the residents of Geneva; albeit not comfortably. The detector is like a giant filter, where each layer is designed to stop, track or measure a different type of particle emerging from proton-proton and heavy ion collisions. Finding the energy and momentum of a particle gives clues to its identity, and particular patterns of particles, or "signatures", are indications of new and exciting physics. This project is directed toward requirement #2 above. The group will participate in the Forward Pixel Detector subsystem for the CMS. The main thrust of group's efforts will be in the commissioning of the Forward Pixel detector, establish the data-taking stable mode at the Remote Operations Center (ROC) and develop its geometry as the details of the upgrade are finalized, into the framework of CMS tracking software and perform its software alignment using reconstructed tracks. An educational outreach program will form a very essential component of these research efforts. It will involve undergraduate students from several disciplines, engineers, science teachers and high school students in this research at the cutting edge of technology.