Collaborative Research: Thermochemical Models of Mantle Dynamics and Plate Motions

该奖项是根据2009年美国复苏和再投资法案（公法111 - 5）资助的。的内部和我们星球的长期演化。构造板块的运动和随之而来的地震是内部大规模流动的表面表现，这是由行星冷却时的热和成分浮力共同驱动的。我们在地表观察到的大多数地质过程都以这样或那样的方式与这种大规模流动有关。然而，我们从动力学的角度对流动的理解还远远没有完成。驱动水流的浮力的来源是什么？这种流动是如何与地表的构造板块相互作用的？流动是如何以及为什么重新组织并导致板块运动的（相对）突然变化的。我们建议解决这些问题，发展一个新的理论模型的大规模流动，并通过引入几个新的观察来测试和完善模型。首先，我们计划发展一个更完整的处理俯冲带在全球流动模型。俯冲动力学描述了一个新的粘性片模型，明确包括板弯曲的影响，以及由于冷和密集俯冲板的重量板内的张应力。对俯冲板块中深源地震的观测提供了有关板块内部应力状态的宝贵信息。我们计划在全球流动模型中首次利用这些信息。其次，我们建议发展一个自洽的描述粘度的横向变化。由于重要的输运性质（如粘度）对温度的依赖性很强，预计热浮力会引起粘度的大幅变化。我们建议使用这种自洽的模型来预测流动时，浮力推断地震非均质性的层析模型。地震异常向密度异常的转换是一个有争议的问题，特别是在地幔下部。热浮力和成分浮力的相对重要性还不为人所知。我们计划利用最近探测到的地球自由振荡来约束内部的重力场。从地震异常到密度异常的不同转换对全球重力场有不同的影响，这可以通过地表重力测量和我们对内部重力场的新约束来检验。我们希望更好地了解驱动流动的浮力，并为板块在组织流动中的作用提供新的见解。拟议的工作支持两名年轻的女性研究人员（凯拉刘易斯博士和梅勒妮·杰罗女士），并促进南加州大学和加州大学伯克利分校之间的新合作。拟议的工作还将使用、调整和改进CIG储存库中的现有计算机代码（一项由国家科学基金会资助的倡议）。我们打算在项目完成后将新代码贡献给CIG。

This award is funded under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-5).The goal of the proposed work is to understand the dynamics of the Earth?s interior and the long-term evolution of our planet. The motion of tectonic plates and the attendant earthquakes are surface expressions of a large-scale flow in the interior, which is driven by a combination of thermal and compositional buoyancy as the planet cools. Most of the geological processes we observe at the surface are related in one way or another to this large-scale flow. However, our understanding of the flow from a dynamical perspective is far from complete. What is the origin of the buoyancy that drives the flow? How does this flow interact with tectonic plates at the surface? How and why does the flow reorganize and cause (relatively) abruptly changes in plate motions. We propose to address these questions developing a new theoretical model for the large-scale flow and by introducing several new observations to test and refine the model.We propose several important advances over previous studies. First, we plan to develop a more complete treatment of subduction zones in global models of flow. The dynamics of subduction is described by a new viscous sheet model that explicitly includes the effects of plate bending as well as the tensile stresses inside the plate due to the weight of the cold and dense subducted plate. Observations of deep earthquakes in subducted plates provide valuable information about the stress state inside the plates. We plan to make use of this information for the first time in global flow models. Second, we propose to develop a self-consistent description of lateral variations in viscosity. Thermal buoyancy is expected to cause large variations in viscosity due to the strong temperature dependence of important transport properties (like viscosity). We propose to use this self-consistent model to predict flow when the buoyancy forces are inferred from tomographic models of seismic heterogeneity. The conversion from seismic anomaly to density anomaly is a controversial issue, particularly in the lower part of the mantle. The relative importance of thermal and composition buoyancy is not well known. We plan to use a recently detected free oscillation of the Earth to constrain the gravity field in the interior. Different conversions from seismic anomaly to density anomaly have different consequences for the global gravity field, which can be tested using gravity measurements at the surface and our new constraint on the gravity field in the interior. We hope to gain a better understanding of the buoyancy forces that drive the flow and provide new insights into the role of plates in organizing the flow. The proposed work supports two young female investigators (Dr. Kayla Lewis and Ms. Melanie Gerault) and fosters a new collaboration between USC and UC Berkeley. The proposed work will also use, adapt and improve an existing computer code in the CIG repository (an NSF-funded initiative). We intend to contribute the new code back to CIG when the project is completed.