REU: Assessing the relationship of natural resource exploitation strategies with the rise of social complexity in the Hawaiian Islands through stone tool geochemistry

在国家科学基金会的支持下，史蒂文·伦德布拉德博士和彼得·米尔斯博士将与主教博物馆的工作人员合作，对夏威夷先前挖掘的接触前居住地的石头进行广泛的出处研究。 这是第一次使用非破坏性能量色散X射线荧光（EDXRF）对这些材料进行大规模评估。 该项目将建立在过去20年来所做的开创性地球化学工作以及最近在UHH地质考古实验室对夏威夷石（石）制品的工作基础上。夏威夷群岛的定居者似乎从一个小的最初殖民人口迅速发展成为公元800 - 1000年和1778年之间波利尼西亚最复杂的酋长国。这项研究将探讨自然资源和文化之间的关系，结合起来，导致这种快速集约化。 由于这些岛链上缺乏其他矿产资源，许多破译古代海洋经济和文化历史的工作都是基于耐用文物的类型和丰度。 这些主要是在国内遗址发现的石器和工具制造的碎片。 研究采石活动的性质和采石场产品的分布提供了一个框架，解释自然资源在夏威夷经济和社会发展中的作用。然而，基于岩石的微观和地球化学分析的经济交流研究才刚刚开始解决较大采石场内的地球化学变异问题，并确定较小来源地区的地球化学。 该项目将导致对横跨夏威夷群岛的国内考古背景中的文物进行首次重要和系统的地球化学分析。 EDXRF为这种大规模、持续和非破坏性的努力提供了一种手段，这将导致夏威夷交换的更强大的模型，以及随之而来的与宝贵的自然资源相关的社会政治发展。这一项目为期两年，其支助的具体组成部分包括以下阶段。 在夏威夷群岛的采石场现场取样将允许绘制石器源的地球化学特征图。 将这些与主教博物馆现有的、有据可查的成品石器收藏的地球化学和技术分析进行比较，将显示这些工具的出处。 研究人员将开发自然资源开发模式的模型，并将其与夏威夷复杂酋长的演变联系起来。 这三个阶段都包括夏威夷土著和其他太平洋岛民学生教育的主要目标。 学生将通过一个综合教育计划参与，与本科研究实习的人类学和地质学专业在UH-Hilo与主教博物馆（檀香山）合作。非破坏性EDXRF分析的使用并不新鲜，但它用于建立夏威夷石头收购的扩展地球化学数据库。 这种大规模、集中精力的新用途将把新的研究应用于现有的存档考古收藏品。 新分析的非破坏性性质将为理解夏威夷过去的文化适当方法设定新标准。 这项研究将为太平洋岛民学生提供令人兴奋的机会，探索他们的祖先如何与环境和彼此互动。 基于这些信息的交换模式的解释将产生对过去的文化意义的活动，这是现代夏威夷人非常感兴趣的进一步见解。 这项研究将提供一个框架，以发展强大的社会经济模型的基础上，发展和波利尼西亚酋长的社会复杂性。

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Steven Lundblad and Peter Mills, in collaboration with staff of the Bishop Museum, will conduct an extensive provenance study of stone from previously excavated, pre-contact habitation sites in Hawai`i. It is the first large evaluation of these materials using non-destructive Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). This program will build upon pioneering geochemical work done over the past 20 years as well as on recent work in the UHH geoarchaeology laboratory on Hawaiian lithic (stone) artifacts.The settlers of the Hawaiian Islands appear to have rapidly developed from a small initial colonizing population to the most complex chiefdom in all of Polynesia between circa AD 800-1000 and 1778. This study will address relationships between natural resources and culture which combined to result in this rapid intensification. Due to the lack of other mineral resources on these island chains, much of the work of deciphering ancient Oceanic economic and cultural history is based on the types and abundances of durable artifacts. These are mainly stone tools and debris from tool manufacture found at domestic sites. Studying the nature of quarrying activity and the distribution of products from quarry sites provides a framework for interpreting the role of natural resources in Hawaiian economies and social evolution. Economic exchange studies based upon microscopic and geochemical analyses of lithics, however, have only just begun to address issues of geochemical variability within larger quarry sites and to identify the geochemistry of smaller source areas. This project will result in the first significant and systematic geochemical analysis of artifacts from domestic archaeological contexts spanning the Hawaiian archipelago. EDXRF provides a means for this large-scale, sustained, and non-destructive effort which will lead to more robust models of Hawaiian exchange and consequent sociopolitical development in relationship to valued natural resources across time. Specific components supported by this project, which will span a two-year period, include the following phases. Quarry site sampling in the Hawaiian Islands will allow mapping of the geochemical signatures of the stone tool sources. Comparing these to the geochemical and technological analyses of the existing, well-documented collections of finished stone tools from the Bishop Museum will show the provenance of those tools. Researchers will develop models of natural resource exploitation patterns through time, and relate them to the evolution of Hawai`i's complex chiefdoms. These three phases all include the primary goal of education of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islander students. Students will participate through an integrated education program, with undergraduate research internships for anthropology and geology majors at UH-Hilo in collaboration with the Bishop Museum (Honolulu). The use of non-destructive EDXRF analyses is not new, but its use to build an expansive geochemical database on Hawaiian stone acquisition is. This novel use in a large-scale, focused effort will apply new research to existing archived archaeological collections. The non-destructive nature of the new analysis will set the new standard for culturally appropriate methodologies for understanding the Hawaiian past. The study will provide exciting opportunities for Pacific Islander students to explore how their ancestors interacted with their environment and each other. Interpretation of exchange patterns based on this information will engender further insights into culturally significant activities of the past, which is of great interest to modern Hawaiians. The study will provide the framework to develop robust socio-economic models of the underpinnings, development, and social complexity of Polynesian chiefdoms.