RUI: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. Non-uniform distribution of muscle fiber strain in squid mantle muscle: implications for musculoskeletal system structure, function, and evolution.

睿：合作研究。鱿鱼套肌肌纤维应变的不均匀分布：对肌肉骨骼系统结构、功能和进化的影响。Joseph T. Thompson （Franklin & Marshall College）和William M. Kier (University of North Carolina)，共同首席检察官。摘要软体无脊椎动物中空的圆柱形身体和肌肉器官非常适合骨骼支撑、运动和运动的功能。然而，这种无处不在的形状可能会带来一个以前未被认识到的代价——在身体周围圆周排列的肌肉细胞之间，缩短的时间存在很大的不均匀性。这种不均匀性给肌肉、结缔组织和肌肉器官的神经控制系统带来了严重的问题，并可能迫使体壁某些区域的肌肉细胞在运动和运动过程中以降低的机械效率运作。我们已经确定了一个中空的圆柱形肌肉器官，鱿鱼的地幔，其中不同位置的周肌细胞可能产生不同的力，以不同的速度缩短，并在管状体的单次收缩中产生不同的机械功。我们将使用形态学、肌电图和生物力学方法来研究这些潜在的问题，并确定在地幔的骨骼支撑系统中可能减轻这些问题的机制。我们的工作结果有望揭示骨骼支撑系统功能的新一般原则，不仅适用于软体无脊椎动物，而且适用于所有具有圆柱形肌肉器官的动物。我们的研究将为来自不同种族背景的本科生和研究生提供学习运动学，肌肉生理学和显微镜实验技术的机会。此外，我们的学生参与者将在与来自不同机构的同龄人的团队合作中收集和分析数据，并在国家和地方科学会议上展示他们的工作成果，从而获得科学合作和综合性质的经验。

RUI: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH. Non-uniform distribution of muscle fiber strain in squid mantle muscle: implications for musculoskeletal system structure, function, and evolution. Joseph T. Thompson (Franklin & Marshall College) and William M. Kier (University of North Carolina), Co-PIs.Proposal # IOS-0950827AbstractThe hollow, cylindrical shape of the bodies and muscular organs of soft-bodied invertebrate animals is well suited to functions in skeletal support, movement and locomotion. This ubiquitous shape, however, may incur a previously unrecognized cost - large non-uniformities in shortening among the muscle cells arranged circumferentially around the body. Such non-uniformities pose serious problems for the muscles, connective tissues, and neural control systems of the muscular organ, and may force muscle cells in some regions of the body wall to operate with reduced mechanical efficiency during locomotion and movement. We have identified a hollow cylindrical muscular organ, the mantle of squids, in which circumferential muscle cells at different locations likely produce different amounts of force, shorten at different velocities, and generate different amounts of mechanical work during a single contraction of the tubular body. We will use morphological, electromyographic, and biomechanical approaches to investigate these potential problems and identify mechanisms in the skeletal support system of the mantle that may mitigate them. The results of our work promise to reveal new general principles of function for skeletal support systems, not just for soft-bodied invertebrates but for all animals with cylindrical muscular organs. Our research will provide opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students from diverse ethnic backgrounds to learn experimental techniques in kinematics, muscle physiology, and microscopy. Furthermore, our student participants will gain experience in the collaborative and integrative nature of science as they work in teams with peers from different institutions to collect and analyze data, and present the results of their work at national and local scientific conferences.