Specific, General, and Target Sharing of Information Among Academic Researchers

信息共享对于科学进步至关重要。原则上，学者之间无条件分享知识是通过基于优先级的科学奖励制度来实现的，在这种制度中，第一个发现结果的人将获得发现的荣誉。然而，在研究过程中，社区共享与研究人员的竞争激励之间存在紧张关系。一个分享成果的科学家为其他可能不承认其贡献的人的发现提供了垫脚石。这种紧张关系，以及学术工作的商业潜力，导致人们对科学研究的挪用和越来越不愿意分享信息和材料的担忧。知识价值：该项目涉及理论和调查，以支持关于推动学术研究人员分享信息的实证研究。该理论考虑了研究人员共享的三种背景：一对一的情况，其中一名研究人员被另一名研究人员要求共享特定数据或材料;公共共享，例如参加会议，研究人员展示在演示时既未发表也未申请专利的工作;和目标共享，即他们在公开传播之前与值得信赖的同事共享某些类型的信息。初步结果表明，信息共享取决于研究过程所处的条件，而这些条件本身又取决于科学政策的维度（例如，期刊和联邦资助机构政策）。这些模型还提供了关于研究人员共享（以及与谁共享）的程度的假设，这些假设是个人特征的函数，包括研究类型、年龄和等级以及其他环境因素。该理论为广泛领域的学术调查提供了背景，包括工程，社会科学，生物和医学科学，数学，物理和统计学。更广泛的影响：结合计量经济学分析，该研究为理解开放科学在学术界的广泛运作方式提供了一个新的框架。

Information sharing is essential to scientific progress. In principle, unconditional sharing of knowledge among academics is enforced by the priority-based scientific reward system in which the first person to discover a result gets credit for the discovery. There is, however, a tension between communal sharing and the competitive incentives for researchers during the research process itself. A scientist who shares results provides stepping stones for discovery by others who may not acknowledge the contribution. This tension, as well as commercial potential for academic work has led to concerns over misappropriation of scientific research and increased reluctance to share information ad materials. Intellectual Merit: The project involves theory and a survey to support empirical research on what drives academic researchers to share information. The theory considers three contexts in which researchers share: one-on-one situations in which one researcher is asked by another to share specific data or materials; public sharing, such as conference participation where researchers present work that is neither published nor patented at the time of presentation; and target sharing in which they share certain types of information with trusted colleagues prior to public dissemination. Preliminary results suggest that information sharing depends on the conditions in which the research process is embedded, and these conditions themselves depend upon dimensions of scientific policy (e.g., journal and federal funding agency policies). The models also provide hypotheses about the extent to which researchers share (and with whom) as a function of individual characteristics including type of research, age, and rank as well as other environmental factors. The theory provides the context for a survey of academics across a wide array of fields to include engineering, social sciences, biological and medical sciences, mathematics, physics and statistics. Broader Impact: Combined with econometric analysis, the research provides a new framework for understanding of the ways in which open science operates or not across a broad spectrum of academia.