Constituting Knowledge across Cultures of Expertise and Tradition: An Ethnographic Study of Indigenous Technoscientists and Their Collaborators

土著人民对基因组科学项目的反应各不相同，这取决于所提出的具体问题以及这些领域的方法和历史。他们越来越多地抵制他们认为与他们的价值观相冲突的科学探究。在美国和加拿大，我们的研究地点，土著居民正在管理研究，对科学数据提出财产要求，并要求某些利益作为允许研究人员进入他们社区的回报。美洲土著部落表现出对启动/资助基因组研究的兴趣，以直接增强他们的智力和治理能力。部落还强调并资助科技领域的培训，将其作为一种能力建设战略，他们认为这是自治和社区繁荣所必需的。因此，美洲土著人和加拿大第一民族的个人进入技术科学领域，以支持土著自治，并在影响土著生活的人员和思维方式方面实现多样化。本计划将利用档案和人种学方法，调查土著基因组科学家在基因组科学领域民主化中的作用。因为他们促进了还是挑战了本土基因组科学家？在基因组学与土著治理、部落管理者、文化专家和社区成员的交叉点上，作为知识生产者的角色也将成为研究的重点，特别是当他们解决基因组学与土著？传统？以及官僚化的认知方式。主题将取自与土著人民和政府有关的领域；它们包括基本的人类种群遗传学研究（即关于人类迁徙和进化问题）和生物医学研究。土著科学家的数量仍然很少，他们与非土著合作者合作，后者也在实验室和部落之间为科学探究提供知识和机会。因此，我们也将关注非本土科学家？将科学实践、优先事项和价值观纳入土著治理的作用。这项研究对基因组科学领域、STS和社会都具有智力价值。土著科学家和合作者的工作可能表明价值观和知识的相互融合。教室、领域和实验室的多样化可能仅仅是个开始。除了谁来调查、谁来取样、谁来进行数据分析之外，新的研究问题、理论、方法和管理安排是否正在基因组学与本土知识和实践的交叉点上出现？对于STS来说，这项研究增加了其后殖民时期的学术研究，这在美国没有得到充分的重视，对于使STS本身更具多元文化意义非常重要。更广泛的影响这项研究将提出机会，并强调使基因组科学规范更加多元文化和与土著社区兼容的障碍。的需求。随着领域和实验室的多样化，结果会是基因组学与本土知识和价值观的交叉受精吗？当土著人民作为研究人员而不仅仅是作为研究对象时，结果会产生新的研究问题、理论、方法和管理安排吗？这个项目将揭示向土著人民增加基因组科学的社会利益分配的机会和挑战，土著人民的需求和价值观经常被贴上与现代科学相冲突的标签。

Indigenous peoples respond in diverse ways to genome science projects depending on the particular questions being asked, and the methods and histories of those fields. Increasingly, they resist scientific inquiry that they view as in conflict with their values. In the U.S. and Canada, our research sites, indigenes are regulating research, making property claims on scientific data, and requiring certain benefits in return for granting researchers access to their communities. Native American tribes show interest in initiating/funding genomic research in order to directly bolster their intellectual and governance capacities. Tribes also emphasize and fund training in science and technology fields as a capacity-building strategy that they see as necessary for self-governance and community flourishing. Accordingly, Native Americans and Canadian First Nation individuals enter technoscientific fields in order to support indigenous self governance and to diversify in terms of personnel and modes of thought fields that impact indigenous lives. This project will investigate indigenous genome scientists as agents in the democratization of genome science fields using archival and ethnographic methods. Because they facilitate or challenge indigenous genome scientists? roles as knowledge producers at the intersection of genomics and indigenous governance, tribal regulators, cultural experts, and community members will also be a focus of research, especially as they address the intersections of genomics with both indigenous ?traditional? and bureaucratized ways of knowing. Subjects will be drawn from fields to which indigenous peoples and governments are connected; they include basic human population genetics research (i.e. on human migrations and evolutionary questions) and biomedical research. Indigenous scientists are still few in number and they work with non-indigenous collaborators who also broker knowledge and opportunities for scientific inquiry between the laboratory and the tribe. Thus we will also focus on non-indigenous scientists? roles in integrating scientific practices, priorities, and values into indigenous governance.Intellectual meritThis research has intellectual merit for genome science fields, for STS, and for society. The work of indigenous scientists and collaborators may suggest cross-fertilizations of values and knowledges. Diversifying the classroom, the field, and the laboratory may be only the beginning. Beyond who inquires, who samples, and who does data analysis, are new research questions, theories, methods, and governing arrangements emerging at the intersections of genomics and indigenous knowledges and practices? For STS, this research adds to its postcolonial strand of scholarship, which is undertreated in the U.S. and which is important for making STS itself more multicultural.Broader impactsThis research will suggest opportunities for and highlight the barriers to making genome science norms more multi-cultural and compatible with indigenous communities? needs. Will the result be cross-fertilizations of genomics and indigenous knowledges and values as the field and laboratory are diversified? Will the result be new research questions, theories, methods, and governing arrangements when indigenous peoples act as researchers and not simply as research subjects? This project will reveal opportunities and challenges for increasing the distribution of social benefits from genome science to indigenous peoples whose needs and values are often labeled as in conflict with modern science.