TC: Medium: Semantics and Enforcement of Privacy Policies: Information Use and Purpose

医院、金融机构和大学等收集和使用个人信息的组织必须遵守隐私法规，如《健康保险可携带性和责任法案》(HIPAA)、《格拉姆-利奇-布莱利法案》(GLBA)和《家庭教育权利和隐私法》(FERPA)。同样，为了确保客户信任，谷歌、Facebook、雅虎和亚马逊等网络服务公司都会发布隐私政策，声明他们将如何处理他们保存的有关客户个人行为的信息。这些政策对个人信息的披露(或传输)施加限制，明确义务(例如，通知客户有关侵犯隐私的情况)，并确定个人信息可能被用于或可能不被用于的目的。以前的工作侧重于披露和义务的形式主义，但还没有为特定目的的信息使用建立这样的基础。这个项目解决了开发形式语义的核心问题，该语义解释了将信息用于一组目的意味着什么，用于指定此类策略的逻辑，以及用于执行这些策略的算法方法。它通过为一个在实践中普遍使用但尚未成为仔细科学研究主题的概念提供了一个基础，从而推动了隐私领域的知识状况。该项目还调查了这一概念与以前研究的披露和义务概念的相互作用，从而使人们能够更全面地了解隐私。该项目开发的形式语义学是新颖的，并借鉴了先前关于因果和意图的哲学理论的工作，以及关于形式方法、信息流和规划的计算机科学文献。该模型通过用户研究进行了验证，并通过医疗保健领域的案例研究进行了应用。更广泛的影响。该项目解决了一个对社会意义重大且日益重要的问题。它通过研究有目的地使用信息的概念，开创了为隐私提供基础的新方向。这一概念出现在金融、网络服务、医疗保健、保险、教育和政府等不同领域的组织发布的隐私政策中--这些领域是现代社会的基石。语义基础是开发支持在此类组织中执行此类政策的实用工具的基础。该项目提供了吸引研究生和本科生的机会。PIS计划将研究成果整合到他们现有的安全和隐私课程中，并为了更广泛的传播，利用卡内基梅隆大学计算机科学系和CyLab针对K-12、妇女、残疾人和代表性不足的少数族裔的外联计划。

Organizations, such as hospitals, financial institutions, and universities, that collect and use personal information are required to comply with privacy regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Similarly, to ensure customer trust, web services companies, such as Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, and Amazon, publish privacy policies stating what they will do with the information they keep about customers' individual behaviors. These policies impose constraints on disclosure (or transmission) of personal information, articulate obligations (e.g., notifying customers about privacy breaches), and identify purposes for which personal information may or may not be used. Prior work has focused on formalisms for disclosure and obligations, but no such foundation has been developed for information use for specified purposes.Intellectual Merit. This project addresses the central problem of developing a formal semantics that explains what it means to use information for a set of purposes, a logic for specifying such policies, and algorithmic methods for their enforcement. It advances the state of knowledge in the field of privacy by providing a foundation for a concept that is commonly used in practice, but has not been the subject of careful scientific study. The project also investigates the interaction of this concept with the previously studied concepts of disclosure and obligation, thereby enabling a more comprehensive understanding of privacy. The formal semantics the project develops is novel and draws on insights from prior work on philosophical theories of causation and intentions, and from the computer science literature on formal methods, information flow, and planning. The model is validated through user studies and its application through case studies in the healthcare domain. Broader Impacts. The project addresses a problem of significant and growing importance to society. It initiates a new direction in providing foundations for privacy by studying the concept of information use for a purpose. This concept appears in privacy policies published by organizations in sectors as diverse as finance, web services, healthcare, insurance, education, and government - the cornerstones of modern society. The semantic foundation serves as the basis for developing practical tools to support the enforcement of such policies in such organizations. The project provides opportunities for engaging graduate and undergraduate students. The PIs plan to integrate the research results into their existing security and privacy courses, and, for wider dissemination, leverage outreach programs in Carnegie Mellon's Computer Science Department and CyLab aimed at K-12, women, persons with disabilities, and underrepresented minorities.