Doctoral Dissertation Research: The State, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Rise of India's Pharmaceutical Industry

尽管全球制药工业主要由欧洲和北美的公司主导，但以产量衡量，印度现在拥有世界第三大制药工业。许多其他发展中国家试图建立国内制药业，但印度迄今为止最为成功，成为“世界仿制药之都”，并成为世界上大多数抗逆转录病毒药物的供应国。这个博士论文研究项目将探讨印度这个专利法薄弱、被称为“失败的发展国家”的国家是如何发展出如此重要的制药工业的。最近的大多数解释都考察了知识产权，这现在是世界贸易组织成员的一个条件，但没有广泛考虑其他国家政策的作用，包括价格控制、限制垄断和外国投资。博士生将与该行业的主要利益相关者（印度制药公司、行业协会团体和政府决策者）进行访谈，并将从政府政策文件、公司报告和行业协会团体出版物的档案研究中收集二手数据。该项目将对印度制药工业的兴起进行历史调查。这项研究的结果有望阐明印度政府和制药业是如何相互作用的，往往会产生意想不到的后果，从而在一个发展中国家发展高科技产业。本项目将重点关注工业发展的一个令人惊讶的案例——印度制药业。在其历史演变过程中，印度制药业顶住了一系列不利的全球政治和经济环境。由于正在采取的自由化措施以及专利法变化的影响，它目前正在进行结构调整。通过详细描述印度制药业的政治经济发展，该项目将有助于基本了解知识产权法规和国家在工业化中的作用及其对发展政策的影响。这个项目对发展中国家应对与发达国家不利贸易条件的战略具有潜在的影响，它可能提出新的全球治理形式，可能提供更公平的发展机会。作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立研究生涯。

Although the global pharmaceutical industry is largely dominated by firms from Europe and North America, India now has the third largest pharmaceutical industry in the world when measured by production volume. Many other developing countries attempted to establish domestic pharmaceutical industries, but India had the most success by far, emerging as the "generics pharma capital of the world" and as supplier of most of the world's anti-retroviral drugs. This doctoral dissertation research project will explore how India, which had weak patent laws and a so-called "failed developmental state," has developed such a significant pharmaceutical industry. Most recent explanations have examined intellectual property rights, which now are a condition of World Trade Organization membership, but have not considered as extensively the roles of other state policies including price controls, restrictions on monopolies, and foreign investment. The doctoral student will conduct interviews with key stakeholders in the industry (Indian pharmaceutical firms, industry association groups, and government policymakers) and will gather secondary data from archival research of government policy documents, company reports, and industry association group publications. This project will produce a historically grounded investigation of the emergence of India's pharmaceutical industry. The results of the research are expected to illuminate how the Indian state and the pharmaceutical industry interacted, often with unintended consequences, to develop a high-tech industry in a developing nation.This project will focus on a surprising case of industrial development, the Indian pharmaceutical industry, which has defied a series of adverse global political and economic circumstances over the course of its historical evolution. It is currently restructuring as a result of ongoing measures towards liberalization as well as the impact of changing patent laws. By providing a detailed account of the political-economic development of the Indian pharmaceutical industry, the project will contribute to basic understanding of the roles of intellectual property regulations and the state in industrialization and their implications for development policy. This project has potential implications for the strategies to be employed by developing nations to counter unfavorable terms of trade with developed nations, and it may suggest new forms of global governance that might offer fairer developmental opportunities. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.