Collaborative Research: Programming with Crowds: Models and Tools for General Purpose Crowdsourcing

众包是一种强大的方式，可以汇集大量人的小额贡献来解决现实世界的问题。成功的案例包括对火星表面的陨石坑进行分类（ClickWorker），给图像贴标签（ESP游戏，现在的b谷歌图像贴标签器），再到任务市场（亚马逊的Mechanical Turk）。该项目朝着众包的愿景迈进，将其扩展到支持复杂、创造性和相互依存的任务，并将其嵌入到计算系统中，成为我们日常生活的一部分。该项目将重点关注复杂众包的两个应用领域：科学新闻和软件开发。该项目的智力价值包括揭示了关于如何模拟在线人群行为的新科学知识，以及开发了将人群作为计算机系统设计一部分的新方法和工具，特别是用于复杂、相互依赖的实时工作。该项目还将表明，这些方法可以用于解决现实问题。潜在的更广泛的影响包括那些具体与这两个应用领域有关的，这可能对社会产生重大影响。众包科学新闻将直接让公民参与科学传播过程，使科学信息更容易为公众所获取，并促进对科学和科学过程的更大认识。众包软件开发可以改变软件的创建方式，降低障碍，扩大开源软件开发的参与范围，并帮助更多的人使用和提高他们的编程技能。研究人员计划公开分享他们开发的基础设施，以促进其他许多领域的复杂众包，这将产生其他影响。他们还计划将研究成果整合到本科课程中。

Crowdsourcing is a powerful way to marshal small contributions from large numbers of people to solve real-world problems. Success stories range from classifying craters on Mars' surface (ClickWorker) to labeling images (the ESP Game, now Google Image Labeler) to task marketplaces (Amazon's Mechanical Turk). This project moves towards a vision of crowdsourcing that extends it to support complex, creative, and interdependent tasks, and embeds it into computing systems as part of our everyday lives. The project will focus on two application areas for complex crowdsourcing: science journalism and software development.The intellectual merits of the project include the uncovering of new scientific knowledge about how to model online crowd behavior, and the development of new methods and tools for using crowds as part of computer system designs, particularly for complex, interdependent, real time work. The project will also show that these methods can be used for real-world problems. The potential broader impacts include those specifically having to do with the two application areas, which could have significant impacts on society. Crowdsourcing science journalism will directly involve citizens in the process of science dissemination, making scientific information more accessible to the general public, and promoting greater awareness of science and the scientific process. Crowdsourcing software development can transform the way that software is created, lowering barriers and broadening participation in open source software development, and helping larger masses of people use and improve their programming skills. Other impacts will flow from the researchers' plans to publically share the infrastructure that they develop to facilitate complex crowdsourcing in many other areas. They also plan to integrate their research results into undergraduate courses.