Early State Formation and Expansion: Iklaina, a Secondary Center of the Mycenaean State of Pylos, Greece

从一个没有国家的世界过渡到一个由国家主导的世界是人类历史上最重要的发展之一，因为国家通过国际互动构成了主导单位。尽管在世界许多地方，对这一转变的研究一直处于考古学和人类学研究的前沿，但在希腊，尽管早期希腊国家在为世界范围内的国家形成研究贡献新知识方面具有巨大的潜力，但它的发展却很慢。虽然考古学家同意迈锡尼国家是由以前独立的区域政治统一而形成的，但影响这一过程的具体机制尚不清楚。在很长一段时间里，等级制度和社会政治分层被认为是推动国家形成的主要力量，这种方法是由几个主要的宫殿首都提供的证据所形成的。然而，最近的模型已将重点从“中心”转移到“腹地”，并强调需要对非宫殿住区进行系统和跨学科的调查。在这个项目中，Cosmopoulos博士采用了一种“自下而上”的方法来研究早期希腊的国家形成和扩张。在国家科学基金会的资助下，他将对迈锡尼皮洛斯州的二级中心Iklaina进行系统的跨学科调查。通过调查、挖掘和科学分析的结合，他计划：1)产生必要的数据集，以测试有关迈锡尼国家出现的现有模型；2)研究中心与腹地的动态关系；3)发展有助于理解国家在世界其他地区形成和扩展的跨文化模型。该项目的广泛影响涉及三个主要领域：1)大规模合作研究：该项目使科学家能够在一个重大研究项目中协调他们的技能，并与来自其他领域和其他国家的同事进行互动。此外，该项目以该地区以前的项目所开展的工作为基础，将考古实地工作（调查、挖掘、科学分析）与现有文本和文学证据的研究结合起来。最后，将人类学理论应用于希腊国家形成的研究。2)教育：该项目为大量研究生和本科生提供了培训场所。自该项目开始以来，680名本科生和33名研究生（其中约70%为女性，5%为非洲裔美国人）接受了考古理论和实地技术方面的培训。3)保护文化遗产：由于皮洛斯地区正日益受到开发商、游客和掠夺者的破坏，对伊克拉纳考古遗址的挖掘、保护和适当的保护将挽救该地区最有前途的古代遗址之一。

The transition from a world without states to a world dominated by states is one of the most significant developments in human history since states constitute the dominant unit through with international interactions occur. Although in many parts of the world the study of this transition has been at the forefront of archaeological and anthropological research, in Greece it has been slow to develop despite the fact that early Greek states have significant potential in contributing new knowledge to the world-wide study of state formation.Although archaeologists agree that Mycenaean states were formed through the unification of previously independent regional polities, the specific mechanisms that affected this process are not clear. For a long time, hierarchy and socio-political stratification were considered the main forces driving state formation, an approach shaped by the fact that the available evidence derived from a few main palatial capitals. Recent models have, however, shifted the focus from the "center" to the "hinterland" and highlighted the need for a systematic and interdisciplinary investigation of non-palatial settlements.In this project Dr. Cosmopoulos adopts a "bottom-up" approach to the study of state formation and expansion in early Greece. With funding from NSF he will conduct a systematic and interdisciplinary investigation of Iklaina, a secondary center of the Mycenaean state of Pylos. Through a combination of survey, excavation, and scientific analyses he plans to: 1) produce the datasets necessary to test existing models about the emergence of Mycenaean states; 2) investigate the dynamic relationship of centers to hinterlands; and 3) develop cross-cultural models useful in understanding state formation and expansion in other parts of the world.The broader impacts of the project concern three main areas:1) large-scale collaborative research: the project allows scientists to coordinate their skills in a major research program and to interact with colleagues from other fields and other countries. Furthermore, the project builds on work conducted by previous projects in the area and combines archaeological fieldwork (survey, excavation, scientific analyses) with the study of the available textual and literary evidence. Finally, it applies anthropological theories in the study of state formation in Greece.2) education: the project serves as the training field for a large number of graduate and undergraduate students. Since the inception of the project, 680 undergraduate and 33 graduate students (of whom about 70% women and 5% African Americans) have been trained in archaeological theory and field techniques.3) preservation of cultural heritage: because the area of Pylos is increasingly being destroyed by developers, tourists, and looters, the excavation, conservation, and proper guarding of the archaeological site at Iklaina will salvage one of the most promising ancient sites of the area.