Collaborative Research: Transient Landscapes, Temporally Variable Erosion Rates, and the Impact of Glaciation and Climate Change on Landscape Morphodynamics

合作研究：瞬态景观，时间变化的侵蚀速率，以及冰川和气候变化对景观形态动力学的影响。詹姆斯·斯波提拉，弗吉尼亚理工大学刘易斯·欧文，辛辛那提大学在过去的二十年里，地质学家们已经确定，侵蚀和气候，在地球上起作用的过程？直接影响板块构造和造山运动，以及与地球动力学相关的过程。S内部（地壳和上地幔）。对侵蚀效果有巨大影响的一个气候变化是温度，河流侵蚀（即河流侵蚀）和冰川侵蚀之间的巨大差异就体现了这一点。无数的研究将数百万年前全球侵蚀的急剧加速归因于全球变冷和冰川扩张的开始。这导致人们认为冰川绝对是有效的侵蚀媒介，就像嗡嗡锯一样，侵蚀岩石的速度和板块构造推动山脉的速度一样快。然而，当我们对此进行详细研究时，有大量的观察结果表明，这种行为要复杂得多。我们已经在构造活跃地区发现了严重冰川覆盖的山脉，这些山脉可能正在缓慢侵蚀。还有一些冰川覆盖的山脉可能经历了快速的侵蚀，尽管这些山脉主要是冻土层（通常与缓慢的侵蚀有关）和缺乏构造隆起。这些观察结果表明，可能存在复杂的条件，作为极其迅速、有效的冰川侵蚀开始的阈值。为了验证这一点，我们将量化哪些因素作为控制山脉侵蚀对冰川反应的阈值，包括岩石隆升率、降水和构造起伏等因素。这将通过扩展冰川侵蚀控制的案例知识，通过量化四个不同山区在一系列时间尺度上的侵蚀速率年表和侵蚀深度来实现，这些山区跨越了一系列条件，包括阿拉斯加的楚加奇山脉和基奈山脉，苏格兰西北部和新英格兰的总统山脉。在每个地点，我们将测试侵蚀是否随着冰川发展的特定阶段的开始而加速，方法是使用几种放射性成因氦热年代学（百万年时间尺度）和宇宙成因测年、光学激发发光和沉积记录（跨越一万年到一百年）的方法来测量侵蚀率。通过增进我们对侵蚀、气候和构造的理解，我们实际上有助于满足人类对周围景观如何形成的天生好奇心。我们还将使对冰川和高山景观如何响应气候变化有更好、更有预测性的了解，这是及时的、具有实际意义的。在进行研究的同时，我们的教育和博物馆外展计划将与学生和公众建立联系，点燃对地球过程的好奇心，同时传达地球科学问题是如何通过实验构建和测试的体验。

Collaborative Research: Transient landscapes, temporally variable erosion rates, and the impact of glaciation and climate change on landscape morphodynamics.James Spotila, Virginia TechLewis Owen, University of CincinnatiOver the past two decades, geologists have determined that erosion and climate, processes that work at the Earth?s surface, directly influence plate tectonics and mountain building, processes linked to the dynamics of Earth?s interior (crust and upper mantle). One climatic variation that has enormous influence of the effectiveness of erosion is temperature, as represented by the vast difference between erosion by rivers (i.e. fluvial erosion) and glaciers. A profound global acceleration in erosion several million years ago has been ascribed in countless studies to the onset of global cooling and the expansion of glaciers. This has lead to the idea that glaciers are absolutely efficient agents of erosion, acting like buzz saws that can erode rock as fast as plate tectonics pushes up mountains. Yet when this is examined in detail, there are numerous observations that suggest the behavior is more complex. We have identified heavily glaciated mountain ranges in tectonically active areas that may be eroding very slowly. There are also glaciated mountain ranges that may have experienced rapid erosion, despite being dominated by frozen beds (normally linked to slow erosion) and a lack of tectonic uplift. These observations suggest that there may be complex conditions that operate as thresholds for the onset of the extremely rapid, efficient glacial erosion. To test this, we will quantify what factors act as thresholds that control the response of mountain erosion to glaciation, including the factors of rock uplift rate, precipitation, and tectonic relief. This will be accomplished by expanding the case knowledge of glacial erosion controls, by quantifying chronologies of erosion rate over a range of timescales and erosive depths in four very different mountainous regions that span a range of conditions, including the Chugach and Kenai Ranges in Alaska, northwest Scotland, and the Presidential Range of New England. In each location we will test whether erosion accelerated with the onset of a specific stage of glacial development, by measuring erosion rates using several methods of radiogenic helium thermochronology (million year timescale) and cosmogenic dating, optically stimulated luminescence, and sedimentary records (spanning ten thousand to a hundred years). By contributing to our understanding of erosion, climate, and tectonics, we will in effect help satisfy an innate human curiosity for how the landscape around us formed. We will also enable a better, more predictive understanding for how glacial and alpine landscapes respond to climate change, which is of timely, practical importance. In parallel with our research, our educational and museum outreach program will serve to connect to both students and the general public, kindling curiosity for Earth processes while conveying an experience of how geoscience problems are framed and tested through experimentation.