Scientific Advances and Accomplishments of the US GLOBEC Program - A Meeting of Experts

美国国家研究委员会将举办一次由美国全球海洋生态系统动力学（U.S. GLOBEC）项目专家和其他专家参加的一次性会议，以突出GLOBEC的科学贡献并确定未来的研究方向。GLOBEC是美国全球变化研究计划的一个组成部分。美国的GLOBEC项目旨在探索全球变化对海洋生态系统的影响。这项研究涉及来自多个学科的科学家，包括海洋学、海洋生态学和渔业科学。该项目通过国际GLOBEC项目与其他国家的研究人员进行对接。美国国家科学基金会（NSF）、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）和美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的支持对这项为期20年的研究计划的成功起到了重要作用。美国GLOBEC项目的既定目标是“了解气候变化和变异将如何转化为海洋生态系统和渔业生产的结构和动态变化”。认识到渔业在生态和经济上的重要性，美国一直致力于将基于生态系统的方法纳入渔业管理。确保可持续渔获水平的一个关键组成部分是了解和预测气候和全球变化对鱼类种群及其捕食者和猎物的影响。作为对大气变暖、海水温度上升和海冰融化的响应，预计这些新的气候条件将影响洋流、混合层深度和上升流带等海洋学特征——所有这些特征都可能影响鱼类种群的生产力和局部丰度。美国GLOBEC的研究策略将过程和观察性研究与先前收集的数据集的回顾性分析相结合，利用物理和生物参数开发和完善模型。美国GLOBEC项目选择了一些研究地点来代表不同物理制度下的生态系统：近海浅滩的保留环流（乔治滩）、沿海上升流（俄勒冈州和北加州）；受风和淡水输入影响的沿海下沉（阿拉斯加沿海湾）；大陆架环流和海冰（南极半岛西部地区）。除了科学知识之外，美国GLOBEC还为基于生态系统的海洋生物资源管理建立了数据集、耦合模型和实用信息。确定了三大综合主题：气候对生态系统的影响、生态系统背景下的人口动态、生态系统动态和食物网。更广泛的影响包括邀请专家一起讨论美国GLOBEC项目的科学贡献，并为未来的研究项目确定有希望的途径。听众将包括来自赞助机构（美国国家科学基金会）、参与美国GLOBEC项目的其他机构（主要是NASA和NOAA）、科学研究界、国会工作人员、非政府组织和科学记者的工作人员。这次会议将是一个综合和总结研究成果和进展的机会，以了解美国GLOBEC项目的遗产。

The National Research Council will host a one-time meeting of experts of the U.S. Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (U.S. GLOBEC) program, and others to highlight the scientific contributions of GLOBEC and identify future research directions.U.S. GLOBEC is a component of the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The U.S. GLOBEC program was designed to explore the effects of global change on marine ecosystems. The research involved scientists from multiple disciplines including oceanography, marine ecology, and fishery science. The program interfaces with researchers in other nations through the International GLOBEC program. Support from NSF (lead), NOAA, and NASA were instrumental to the success of this 20-year research program. The stated objective of the U.S. GLOBEC program is "to understand how climate change and variability will translate into changes in the structure and dynamics of marine ecosystems and in fishery production." Recognizing both the ecological and economic importance of fisheries, the U.S. has been moving towards incorporating ecosystem-based approaches into fisheries management. A key component of ensuring sustainable levels of fish harvest is to understand and anticipate the effects of climate and global change on fish populations, as well as on their predators and prey. In response to atmospheric warming, rising ocean water temperatures, and melting sea ice, these new climate conditions are anticipated to affect oceanographic features such as currents, depth of the mixed layer, and upwelling zones - all features that can affect the productivity and localized abundance of fish populations. The U.S. GLOBEC research strategy combined process and observational studies with retrospective analysis of previously collected data sets to develop and refine models using both physical and biological parameters. The U.S. GLOBEC program selected study sites to represent ecosystems under different physical regimes: retentive circulation at an offshore shoal (Georges Bank), coastal upwelling (Oregon and Northern California); coastal downwelling, affected by winds and freshwater inputs (Coastal Gulf of Alaska); and shelf circulation and sea ice (the West Antarctic Peninsula region). In addition to scientific knowledge, U.S. GLOBEC has established a legacy of datasets, coupled models, and practical information for ecosystem-based management of living marine resources. Three grand synthesis themes have been identified: Climate impacts on ecosystems, population dynamics in an ecosystem context, and ecosystem dynamics and food webs. The broader impacts involve bringing invited experts together to discuss the scientific contributions of the U.S. GLOBEC program, and identify promising avenues for future research programs. The audience will include staff from the sponsoring agency (NSF), other agencies involved in the U.S. GLOBEC program (predominantly NASA and NOAA), the scientific research community, congressional staff, nongovernmental organizations, and science journalists. The meeting will be an opportunity to synthesize and summarize research findings and advances in understanding that for the legacy of the U.S. GLOBEC program.