Doctoral Dissertation Research: Governing the Environment Privately: Politics, Property, and Markets in Chile's Aquaculture and Forestry Sectors

智利的自然资源产业在以市场为导向的政策框架下经历了爆炸式的增长，因为从20世纪70年代开始，军政府实施了全面的新自由主义重组。然而，在智利南部的多功能景观中，关于森林和海洋资源的替代用途和价值的冲突和协调问题一直普遍存在，2008年，由于环境管理失败和疾病流行，该国蓬勃发展的鲑鱼养殖业几乎崩溃。本博士论文研究项目将关注一个关键问题：当国家监管受到设计约束时，如何解决与出口导向型农业相关的环境冲突和协调问题？为了探索这个问题的答案，博士生将对智利的水产养殖和林业部门进行比较分析，特别关注为什么为解决环境质量而开发的生态市场没有发展到解决自然资源问题，以及私人形式的治理在多大程度上可以解决与不同农业产业相关的内部协调问题和外部冲突。环境治理机制的跨部门比较将侧重于制度安排（规则、规范和惯例的配置）、政治和治理实践。该学生将在智利中南部进行研究，使用多种方法，包括档案研究、半结构化访谈、监管场所观察和调查问卷。为了探索生态市场在这些领域的悖论性缺失，学生的实地考察将包括对政策领域的“自上而下”关注，以及对保护项目为创造生态权利和市场而“自下而上”努力的考察。该项目将加强对新自由主义政策背景下环境监管的理解，并有助于填补智利具有全球代表性的自然资源部门对环境治理理解的空白。项目调查结果应提供有价值的信息和见解，供研究领域的利益相关者和决策者以及寻求在自由市场环境下有效管理自然资源的其他国家使用。作为博士论文研究改进奖，该奖项还将提供支持，使有前途的学生建立一个强大的独立研究生涯。

Chile's natural resource industries have experienced explosive growth within market-oriented policy frameworks since the sweeping neoliberal restructuring imposed by the military government beginning in the 1970s. Conflicts and coordination problems over alternative uses and values of forest and marine resources in the multifunctional landscapes of southern Chile have been pervasive, however, and in 2008, the country's booming salmon aquaculture industry all but collapsed due to failures in environmental management and disease epidemics. This doctoral dissertation research project will focus on a crucial question: When state regulation is constrained by design, how are the environmental conflicts and coordination problems associated with export-oriented agricultural industries addressed? To explore answers to this question, the doctoral student will conduct comparative analyses of aquaculture and forestry sectors in Chile, focusing special attention on why ecological markets developed to address environmental quality have not developed to address natural resource problems and the extent to which private forms of governance can resolve the internal coordination problems and the external conflicts associated with different agricultural industries. The cross-sector comparison of environmental governance mechanisms will focus on institutional arrangements (the configurations of rules, norms, and conventions), politics, and practices of governance. The student will conduct research in south central Chile, using multiple methods, including archival research, semi-structured interviews, the observation of regulatory venues, and a survey questionnaire. In order to explore the paradoxical absence of ecological markets in these sectors, the student's fieldwork will include both a "top down" focus on the policy arena as well as an examination of the "bottom up" efforts by conservation projects to create ecological rights and markets.The project will enhance understanding of environmental regulation within neoliberal policy contexts and help to fill a gap in the understanding of environmental governance within Chile's globally emblematic natural resource sectors. Project findings should provide valuable information and insights that can be used by stakeholders and policymakers in the study areas as well as in other nations seeking to effectively manage natural resources in free-market contexts. As a Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement award, this award also will provide support to enable a promising student to establish a strong independent research career.