Archaeological and Chronological Investigation of the Middle Elamite Period at Haft Tappeh (Iran)

最近由德国研究基金资助的考古发掘工作提供了有关古城定居历史的新证据，并表明与一般看法相反，我们在哈夫特塔佩夫有几个时期的定居。在2011年至2014年的项目第一阶段，有可能确定属于中期埃兰时期（公元前15世纪和14世纪）开始的三个建筑阶段。这一新知识为陶器组合和其他发现建立了详细的年表。在中期埃兰时期的前两个建筑阶段，像寺庙和宫殿这样的纪念性建筑群在哈夫特塔佩夫建成，城市面积增加到约250公顷。然而，它在最后的建设阶段减少了。在这一时期，一些具有纪念意义的建筑群被遗弃，因此变成了废墟，被人们用来建造他们的住房。陶器组合表明，这一阶段大约在公元前1300年结束。最有可能的是，这座城市因入侵而沦陷，人们被屠杀，因为我们在街上发现了数百具骷髅，就在一所房子的墙后面。它们凌乱地堆在一起。发掘工作带来了另一个非常重要的结果。我们发现了一个建筑阶段，它比上面提到的中期埃兰时期的三个阶段更古老。它的陶器与苏萨的陶器组合相似，这被认为是公元前18世纪和17世纪的苏卡尔玛时期。这就引出了一个问题，从公元前17世纪到15世纪，哈夫特塔佩夫的定居点是否有过中断。如果事实并非如此，哈夫特塔佩的生活没有中断，那么苏萨的年代应该被修改，从苏萨发现的陶器组合应该年轻一个世纪左右。挖掘项目第二阶段的目标是调查Haft Tappeh最古老的建筑阶段，并从中收集更多的文化材料，以指出它与随后的中期埃兰时期之间的时间关系。

The recent archaeological excavations which were funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft brought out new evidences regarding the settlement history of the ancient city and indicated that in contrast to the general opinion we have several periods of settlement at Haft Tappeh. During the first phase of the project from 2011 to 2014 it was possible to determine three building phases which belonged to the beginning of the Middle Elamite Period (15th and 14th century BC). This new knowledge led to establish a detailed chronology for the pottery assemblage and other findings. During the first two building phases of the Middle Elamite period monumental complexes like temples and palaces were created in Haft Tappeh and the city area increased to about 250 ha. However it diminished during the last building phase. In this period some of the monumental complexes were abandoned and consequently turned into ruins which were used from the people to build their housing. The pottery assemblage shows that this phase ended about 1300 BC. Most probably the city fell due to an invasion and the people were massacred, because we found several hundreds of skeletons in the street behind the wall of a house. They were disorderly placed there in a heap over each other. The excavations led to another very important result. We discovered a building phase which was older than the three mentioned above phases of the Middle Elamite period. Its pottery is similar to the assemblage in Susa, which is attributed to the Sukkalmah period in the 18th and 17th century BC. Subsequently this led to the question, if there was a hiatus in the settlement from the 17th to the 15th century BC in Haft Tappeh. If it was not the case and the life in Haft Tappeh continued without any interruption, than the chronology of Susa should be modified and the discovered pottery assemblage from Susa should be about one century younger.The objective of the second phase of the excavation project is to investigate this oldest building phase at Haft Tappeh and collect much more cultural material from it in order to point out the chronological relationship between it and the following Middle Elamite period.