Collaborative Research: Hawaiian and Subplinian Basaltic Volcanism: Constraints on Eruption Dynamics from Kilauea

了解控制玄武岩爆炸爆发的力量对于增进对我们最频繁的活火山行为范围的了解和评估未来爆炸事件的危险具有至关重要的意义。克劳厄火山的顶峰是规模庞大且不断增长的火山旅游胜地(例如，在Jaggar博物馆的俯瞰，每天有5000名游客)，公众既需要更好地了解火山的行为，也需要改进对未来喷发过程的预测。虽然不是通常的喷发方式，但爆炸性的喷发不时地点缀着克劳厄火山的历史，自公元1500年以来发生了五次中等规模的事件。这项研究通过对三次羽流形成和喷泉喷发的喷发产物的研究，对决定基拉韦厄火山喷发行为的主要因素进行了量化和建模。这些事件是科劳厄火山历史上最高喷泉喷发的第一集，1959年的科劳埃亚Iki喷发，更早的一次强大的喷泉喷发(公元1480年)和一次强大的羽状喷发(公元1635年)。该方法的新奇之处在于使用新的‘速率计’来估计岩浆在火山下方上升的可能持续时间，从而得出这一停留时间对岩浆最终‘命运’的影响。研究人员将研究微结构(囊泡和微石)、熔融包裹体中的挥发物和喷发产品中的包裹体。除了对3名研究生和本科生提供直接支持外，研究结果还将有助于以开发夏威夷大学、哥伦比亚大学和赖斯大学火山学课程为基础的教育推广工作。该提案涉及五个机构之间的材料和思想交流，使年轻的研究人员、本科生和研究生受益。我们的成果将通过由夏威夷火山观测站和国家科学基金会资助的机构主办的链接网站，通过互联网广泛传播。

Understanding the forces controlling basaltic explosive eruptions is of fundamental importance in order to improve understanding of the range of behaviors of our most frequently active volcanoes and to assess hazards of future explosive events. The summit of Kîlauea is the site of large and growing volcano-tourism (e.g., 5000 visitors/day at the overlook at Jaggar Museum), and there is a public need both for better knowledge of the volcanoes' behavior and improved forecasting of the likely course of future eruptions. Although not its usual style, explosive eruptions have punctuated Kîlauea's history, with five moderately large events since 1500 CE. The study quantifies and models the dominant factors that determine explosive eruptive behavior at Kilauea volcano, through a study of the eruptive products from three plume-forming and fountaining eruptions. The events are episode 1 of the highest historical fountaining eruption at Kîlauea, the 1959 Kîlauea Iki eruption, a much earlier powerful fountaining eruption in 1480 CE and a powerful; plume-forming eruption in 1635 CE.The novelty of the approach lies in using new 'rate-meters' to estimate likely durations of magma ascent beneath the volcano to arrive at the influence of this residence time on the ultimate 'fate' of the magma. The investigators will study microtextures (vesicles and microlites), volatiles in melt inclusions, and embayments in eruptive products.In addition to direct support for 3 graduate students and undergraduate students, results will contribute to educational outreach efforts anchored on development of volcanology classes at University of Hawaii, Columbia University and Rice University. The proposal involves exchange of material and ideas between five institutions to the benefit of young researchers, and undergraduate and graduate classes. Our results will be widely disseminated via the Internet using linked web sites hosted by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and NSF-funded institutions.