Economy and Identity at Tiwanaku Settlements in the Osmore Valley, Southern Peru: Zooarchaeology and Bone Chemistry

在国家科学基金会的支持下，Susan deFrance博士及其同事将对位于秘鲁南部几个Tiwanaku遗址的动物遗骸进行实验室动物考古学和骨骼化学分析。 蒂瓦纳库是安第斯山脉中部地区的早期帝国之一，大约从公元前200年开始繁荣起来。D. 600-1100. 蒂瓦纳库文化的故乡是的的喀喀湖东南部的玻利维亚高地。 在这些高原上，蒂瓦纳库人建立了一个庞大的首都，其特点是下沉的寺庙，巨大的石头建筑，以及精心设计的农业用地。 蒂瓦纳库人还饲养驯养的美洲驼和羊驼，这是新大陆唯一驯养的大型哺乳动物。 在他们历史的早期，蒂瓦纳库殖民者移民到其他地区。 一大批蒂瓦纳库殖民者沿着奥斯莫尔河定居在秘鲁南部，靠近现代城市莫克瓜。 以前的挖掘表明，Tiwanaku定居者征用了最好的农业用地，并为他们的驯养动物建立了畜栏。 一个可行的假设是，定居发生在两个不同的延伸谱系的两次浪潮中，每个谱系都有自己的经济专业化：农业与畜牧业。 重要的问题仍然是，这个边缘地区的蒂瓦纳库居民在多大程度上受到他们高地首都的直接政治控制，或者是作为自治殖民地。 动物饲养和动物产品生产（例如，纺织品的纤维，肉类，工具的骨头）被假设为是当地自治的，而不是用来支持高地资本。对每个世系所属遗址的动物遗骸的分析将用于支持或反驳世系自治殖民和经济专业化（牧民与农民）的模式。 分析将包括创建两种类型的数据集。 一个是对各个遗址上的动物进行动物考古学鉴定。 德弗朗斯将与研究生和本科生合作，利用莫克瓜孔蒂苏约博物馆的设施来鉴定动物遗骸。 动物存在的差异，尸体的部分，它们是如何被屠宰的，以及它们是如何和在哪里被丢弃的，将被用来确定殖民地是否像假设的那样是当地自治的，或者动物的部分是否被运到其他地区以支持国家。 另一个数据集将是对骆驼科动物（美洲驼和羊驼）遗骸样本的骨化学同位素特征进行分析，以确定这些动物是在什么海拔饲养的，以及仪式上牺牲的骆驼科动物是否被喂食不同于非仪式动物的特殊食物。 骨化学专家艾琳·桑顿将进行骨化学分析。 该项目将产生的信息非常重要，因为它将帮助考古学家和人类学家了解古代帝国，如Tiwanaku，如何运作，殖民遥远的地区，以及他们为保持其身份而进行的经济和仪式活动。研究团队将与孔蒂苏约博物馆合作，包括长期和临时的动物使用展览，从而为动物考古学提供一个公共层面。

With support from the National Science Foundation Dr. Susan deFrance and colleagues will conduct laboratory zooarchaeological and bone chemistry analyses of animal remains from several Tiwanaku sites located in southern Peru. The Tiwanaku, one of the early imperial states of the Central Andean region, flourished from roughly A. D. 600-1100. The homeland of Tiwanaku culture is the highlands of Bolivia, southeast of Lake Titicaca. In these high plains the Tiwanaku built a massive capital characterized by sunken temples, monumental stone architecture, and elaborately engineered raised agricultural fields. The Tiwanaku also reared domesticated llamas and alpacas, the only large mammals domesticated in the New World. Sometime early in their history, Tiwanaku colonists immigrated to other regions. A large contingent of Tiwanaku colonists settled along the Osmore River in southern Peru near the modern city of Moquegua. Previous excavations have revealed that Tiwanaku settlers commandeered the best agricultural land and that they established corrals for their domesticated animals. A working hypothesis is that settlement occurred in two waves by two distinct extended lineages, each with their own economic specialization: agriculture versus pastoralism. Important questions remain about the degree to which Tiwanaku inhabitants in this periphery were under direct political control by their highland capital or as autonomous colonies. Animal rearing and the production of animal products (e.g., fiber for textiles, meat, bone for tools) are hypothesized to have been locally autonomous and not used to support the highland capital. The analysis of animal remains from sites affiliated with each lineage will be used to help support or refute the model of lineage autonomous colonization and economic specialization (pastoralists versus agriculturalists). The analysis will consist of the creation of two types of data sets. One will be the zooarchaeological identification of the animals present at the various sites. DeFrance will work with graduate students and undergraduate students using facilities of the Contisuyo Museum in Moquegua to identify the animal remains. Differences in the animals present, the parts of the carcass, how they were butchered, and how and where they were discarded will be used to determine if the colonies were locally autonomous as is hypothesized, or if parts of animals were shipped to other areas to support the state. The other data set will be an analysis of bone chemistry isotopic signatures from a sample of the camelid (llama and alpaca) remains to determine at what elevation these animals were reared and if ritually-sacrificed camelids were fed special foods that differed from non-ritual animals. A specialist in bone chemistry, Erin Thornton, will conduct the bone chemistry analysis. The information that will be generated from this project is important because it will help archaeologists and anthropologists understand how ancient imperial states, such as the Tiwanaku, functioned, colonized distant regions, and the economic and ritual activities that they undertook to maintain their identity. The research team will work with the Contisuyo Museum to include long-term and temporary exhibits on animal use thus providing a public dimension to zooarchaeology.