Diversity in fossil decapod Crustacea based upon a unique species-level database

基于独特物种级数据库的十足类甲壳动物化石多样性Carrie SchweitzerKent州立大学十足类动物-虾、龙虾和螃蟹-是一种重要的、多样化的动物，其地质历史可以追溯到4亿年前。活着的代表有15,000多个物种，分布在全球，在海洋和非海洋环境中几乎无处不在。它们对生态系统产生重大影响；了解它们化石记录的动态将阐明它们对生态系统的历史影响。我们将检验这样一个假设，即十足类动物排列在一系列离散的进化动物群中；值得注意的是，在不同的相互关联的群体中，大量的活的和化石的十足类动物重复地利用了四个基本的身体计划。其他需要检验的假设是，十足类在其整个历史中反复采用有限数量的Baupläne或广义建筑；它们经历了爆炸性的进化辐射，随后经历了无法确定的变化时期；它们通常对大规模灭绝事件具有抵抗力。将使用主要调查者汇编和评估的一个独特的数据集来检验这些假设：汇编所有十足类化石物种，包括化石和活的类群，包括所有物种的地质和地理范围，包括十足纲内许多亚类的系统发育(即“家谱”)。数据集将扩大到包括每个分类群的生态数据，并将被输入古生物数据库，这是一个由NSF支持的用于分析化石记录的工具。利用其方法，十足类的多样性和宏观进化模式将在从整个目到物种的水平上产生。这将导致首次对这一主要群体的宏观进化模式进行全面分析。从实地研究和出版的记录中获得的可用古生态数据将被用来确定各种环境因素，如海底条件、珊瑚礁发育、水深和温度对形态、灭绝存活和多样性的影响。由于十足类动物在化石记录中保存了大量的形态变异，因此可以根据它们的形态特征来评估十足类群的多样性。用专门的形态定义分类群的历史将允许识别在整个支系历史上被不同的十足类群所利用的身体计划。这项研究将提供迄今进行的对十足类宏观演化的最全面的分析，所有这些都基于一个独特的数据集，该数据集由于其完全由调查人员开发而具有内部一致性。它将记录使用高分辨率、物种一级的数据库来解释多样性的重要性。这些假说和结论将为今后十足类、节肢动物和受限类群的宏观演化研究提供一个模型和基础。它将对PBDB数据的有效性与由专家系统学家评估的受限数据集进行测试。这项工作将向位于斯塔克的肯特州立大学和位于肯特的肯特州立大学的本科生介绍涉及古生态、古地理和功能形态元素的研究，这些元素反过来将被传达给其他学生。由于十足类动物几乎每个人都知道，它们形成了一个极好的群体，可以用来向公众介绍古老的多样性模式，以及生物的形态、环境要求的变化和它们对不同物理条件的适应性之间的关系。这将通过一个专业构造的展览传达出来，有可能在全国各地的博物馆和大学展出。专为中小学设计的小型工具包将允许学生观察十足类动物对环境的适应及其对多样性的影响。在整个研究过程中，将编写已发表的论文和在会议上介绍研究结果的报告。由于对现代生物多样性的研究是公众关心的问题，向更广泛的受众和地质学课程的介绍将为理解现代多样性模式提供广泛的历史背景。录入古生物学数据库和俄亥俄州数据资源共享区的数据将向其他研究人员和公众开放。合并后，这些数据库将确保档案存储和公共访问，在一个专有期之后。

Diversity in Fossil Decapod Crustacea Based Upon a Unique Species-Level DatabaseCarrie SchweitzerKent State UniversityThe Decapoda - shrimp, lobsters, and crabs - are an economically important, diverse group of animals whose geologic history extends back 400 million years. Living representatives, numbering over 15,000 species, are global in distribution and nearly ubiquitous in oceanic and non-oceanic environments. They exert a major impact on ecosystems; understanding the dynamics of their fossil record will illuminate their historical impact on ecosystems. We will test the hypothesis that decapods are arrayed in a series of discrete evolutionary faunas; remarkably, the vast array of living and fossil decapods in diverse interrelated groups have exploited four basic body plans repeatedly. Other hypotheses to be tested are that the Decapoda have repeatedly adopted a limited number of baupläne, or generalized architectures, throughout their history; that they have experienced explosive evolutionary radiations followed by periods of no determinable change; and that they are generally resistant to mass extinction events. These hypotheses will be tested using a unique dataset compiled and assessed by the Principle Investigators: a compilation of all fossil decapod species, arrayed in a classification scheme including fossil and living taxa, with geologic and geographic ranges of all species, including a phylogeny (i.e. "family tree") for many sub-groups within the Decapoda. The dataset will be expanded to include ecological data for each taxon and will be entered into the Paleobiology Database, an NSF-supported vehicle for analyzing the fossil record. Employing its methodology, patterns of diversity and macroevolution of the decapods will be generated at levels ranging from the entire Order to species level. This will result in a comprehensive analysis of macroevolutionary patterns of this major group for the first time. Available paleoecological data derived from field studies and published records will be used to determine the effects of various environmental factors such as seafloor conditions, reef development, water depth, and temperature on morphology, extinction survivorship, and diversity. Because decapods have a remarkable range of morphological variation preservable in the fossil record, the diversity of the groups of decapods can be assessed in relation to their morphological characteristics. Defining the history of taxa with specialized morphology will permit recognition of body plans that have been exploited by different decapod groups throughout the history of the clade.Intellectual merit. This study will provide the most comprehensive analysis of macroevolution of the Decapoda yet conducted, all based upon a unique dataset that is internally consistent by virtue of its having been developed entirely by the investigators. It will document the significance of employing a high resolution, species-level database for interpretation of diversity. The hypotheses and conclusions derived here will provide a model and the foundation for future work on Decapoda, Arthropoda, and macroevolution of well-constrained groups. It will provide a test for the efficacy of PBDB data versus a constrained dataset assessed by specialist systematists.Broader impacts. The work will introduce undergraduate students at Kent State at Stark, an undergraduate campus, and Kent State at Kent, to research that involves paleoecological, paleogeographical, and functional morphological elements which, in turn, will be communicated to other students. Because decapods are known to virtually everyone, they form an excellent group to use to inform the public about ancient patterns of diversity and the relationship between the morphology of organisms, variations in their environmental requirements, and their adaptability to different physical conditions. This will be conveyed in a professionally constructed display which has the potential to be exhibited in museums and universities around the country. Small kits designed for use in elementary and middle schools will be available to allow students to make their own observations about the adaptations of decapods to their environment and its effect on diversity. Published papers and presentations on results of research at meetings will be prepared throughout the course of the research. Because the study of modern biodiversity is a concern of the general public, presentations to broader audiences as well as geology classes will provide a broad historical context for understanding modern patterns of diversity. Data entered into Paleobiology Database and Ohio Data Resource Commons will be openly available to other researchers and the general public. Combined, the databases will assure archival storage and public access, following a proprietary period.