Doctoral Dissertation Research: Punishing the 'Others': Understanding Citizenship through Punishment in the United States and Germany

这个项目探讨了美国和德国法院对非公民的惩罚。虽然有些学者认为，在全球化的世界中，公民身份不再具有法律意义，但对公民身份在法律上的重要性的实证检验很少，而且尚未进行跨国检验。通过比较德国和美国的量刑结果？两个拥有强大法治传统但对公民身份和国家地位的概念截然不同的先进民主国家？这个项目从经验上评估了成为一个？局外人？当国家受到法律制裁时。在这样做的时候，这个项目解决了四个相关的问题：1）非公民在美国和德国法院受到更严厉的惩罚吗？2)这两个国家对非公民的待遇有什么不同吗？3)在每个国家，公民身份的影响与其他法外犯罪属性相比如何？4)随着时间的推移，每个国家惩罚非公民的做法发生了怎样的变化，如何解释这些趋势？PI借鉴了以前的工作，突出了国家成员的排斥方面，并将这些想法与法律和惩罚的理论，强调作为一个？局外人？在社会控制机构发展假说。假设进行了测试，从美国联邦法院和德国地区法院从1995年至2009年的数据，并辅以定性访谈的法官在两个主要城市在每个国家。 今天有超过2亿国际移民，了解缺乏国家成员资格的后果对政策制定者，司法从业人员和对国际法，国际移民，分层和社会控制感兴趣的学者有影响。虽然许多国家已作出努力，确保按种族和族裔划分的平等司法沿着，但对公民身份和法律的地位的关注却少得多。

This project explores the punishment of noncitizens in U.S. and German courts. While some scholars argue that citizenship is no longer legally relevant in the globalized world, empirical tests of the salience of citizenship under the law are scant and cross-national tests have yet to be undertaken. By comparing sentencing outcomes in Germany and the United States ? two advanced democracies with strong rule of law traditions but markedly different conceptions of citizenship and nationhood ? this project empirically evaluates the consequences of being an ?outsider? of the state when punished under the law. In doing so, this project addresses four related questions: 1) Are noncitizens punished more severely in U.S. and German courts? 2) Does the treatment of noncitizens differ between these two countries? 3) How do the effects of citizenship compare to other extra-legal offender attributes in each country? 4) How have practices of punishing noncitizens changed over time in each country, and what might explain these trends? The PIs draw on previous work highlighting exclusionary aspects of national membership and link these ideas with theories of law and punishment that emphasize the detriments of being an ?outsider? in social control institutions to develop hypotheses. Hypotheses are tested with data from U.S. federal courts and German district courts from 1995 to 2009, supplemented by qualitative interviews with judges in two major cities within each country. With over 200 million international migrants today, understanding the consequences of lacking state membership has implications for policy makers, judicial practitioners, and scholars interested in international law, international migration, stratification, and social control. While many countries have made efforts to ensure equal justice along lines of race and ethnicity, there has been considerably less attention devoted to citizenship and legal status.